Cendawan entomopatogen sebagai penginduksi ketahanan tanaman: Sebuah tinjauan sistematis
Entomopathogenic fungi as plant resistance inducer: A systematic review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5994/jei.21.1.75Keywords:
characterization, entomopathogenic endophytic fungi, herbivorous insects, resistance induction, systemic resistanceAbstract
IInsect pathologists' attention to the potential of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) as inducers of plant resistance has increased in recent years. Several types of EPF that have received attention as biocontrol agents for insect pest populations include Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Trichoderma sp. because they are able to infect and kill insects directly, has a wide host range, and has been used to control various types of insect pests. Apart from being able to infect and kill insect pests, EPF can also live endophytically in plant tissue and increase plant resistance to pest attacks. The presence of EPF as endophytes is able to induce plant resistance by stimulating an increase phytohormones production. In this article, we reviewed the role of fungi as entomopathogens, the characteristics of entomopathogenic fungi, and their role as inducers of plant resistance. The review was carried out by collecting information from original articles and related reports which reviewed the results of research on the role of entomopathogenic fungi as plant resistance inducers by including the keywords entomopathogenic endophytic fungi, resistance induction, characterization, systemic resistance and herbivorous insects. This systematic review concludes that EPF as an inducer of plant resistance is a very promising control alternative in the development of plant protection management against insect pests.
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PENDAHULUAN
Cendawan entomopatogen (CEP) merupakan salah satu agens hayati yang berperan dalam mengendalikan serangga hama. CEP dapat bersifat parasit obligat dan parasit fakultatif yang dapat menimbulkan gejala penyakit terhadap serangga (Trizelia & M, 2023). CEP menginfeksi serangga dan menyebabkan gangguan fisiologis sehingga serangga tidak mampu berkembang dengan baik. Potensi CEP sebagai mikopestisida telah banyak dikaji dan menjadi perhatian karena perannya mengendalikan serangga hama secara langsung tanpa merugikan terhadap serangga menguntungkan (Zhang et al., 2014).
Pemanfaatan CEP sebagai parasit fakultatif, yaitu Beauveria bassiana dan Metharizium anisopliae. CEP B. bassiana menyebabkan mortalitas terhadap larva ulat grayak jagung (UGJ) (Spodoptera frugiperda) hingga 75% (Salas-Marina et al., 2015) dan penggerek umbi kentang (Phthorimaea operculella) hingga 63% (Mantzoukas & Grammatikopoulos, 2020). CEP M. anisopliae dilaporkan menyebabkan mortalitas terhadap telur dan neonates UGJ hingga 90% (Akutse et al., 2019). Trichoderma asperellum umumnya sebagai saprofit fakultatifmemiliki potensi sebagai CEP karena bersifat antifeedant terhadap UGJ (Bamisile et al., 2018) mengendalikan nimfa kutu kebul (Bemisia tabaci) hingga 73% pada tanaman kapas (Anwar et al., 2016) dan Acanthoscelides obtectus pada tanaman Phaseolus vulgaris(Saragih et al., 2021).
Selain mampu mematikan serangga hama secara langsung, pengaruh CEP terhadap hama juga dapat terjadi secara tidak langsung, yaitu melalui induksi ketahanan tanaman. Induksi ketahanan tanaman merupakan suatu proses aktivasi mekanisme katahanan laten yang diekspresikan oleh tanaman karena suatu mekanisme yang terjadi akibat rangsangan dari luar, salah satunya karena keberadaan cendawan yang hidup secara endofit dalam jaringan tanaman (Singh et al., 2021). Kemampuan tanaman dalam menghambat perkembangan hama merupakan suatu proses yang bersifat kompleks yang diatur oleh berbagai jenis senyawa, seperti asam salisilat, asam jasmonat, dan etilen (Kessler & Baldwin, 2002).
CEP yang dilaporkan dapat hidup secara endofit dalam jaringan tanaman (Lira et al., 2020) di antaranya adalah B. basiana (pada tanaman jagung, kentang, kapas, tomat, bawang, pisang, dan kakao), Isaria farinosa, Cladosporium spp., Acremonium spp., dan Clonostachys rosea (pada tanaman kopi), Lecanicillium lecanii(pada tanaman Carolina) (Zhu-Salzman et al., 2008)(Resquín-Romero et al., 2016)(Zebelo et al., 2012), M. anisopliae (pada tanaman ubi kayu)(Hardoim et al., 2015), dan Fusarium oxysporum pada tanaman bawang (Prayogo et al., 2022). CEP yang hidup secara endofit dapat berpengaruh terhadap serangga herbivora. CEP B. bassiana yang diinokulasikan pada benih kedelai mampu mengurangi lama hidup serta fertilitas dan fekunditas imago betina Helicoverpagelotopoeon (berturut-turut 12,79%, 38,03%, dan 5,4%) (Russo et al., 2019). CEP M. anisopliae yang diinokulasikan pada benih jagung mampu menyebabkan mortalitas UGJ hingga 55% (Orole & Adejumo, 2009). Trichoderma sp. yang diinokulasikan pada benih jagung juga mampu menurunkan aktivitas makan UGJ hingga 25% (Ekesi et al., 2002).
Dalam ulasan ini penulis fokus pada pemanfaatan CEP sebagai penginduksi ketahanan tanaman. Penulis mengulas beberapa hal penting, yaitu (1) cendawan entomopatogen (CEP), (2) karakter CEP, (3) CEP endofit, dan (4) pemanfaatan CEP untuk menginduksi ketahanan tanaman. Tinjauan sistematis dilakukan terhadap literatur-literatur terkait mengenai peranan CEP sebagai penginduksi ketahanan tanaman. Langkah pertama dilakukan identifikasi artikel dalam berbagai sumber laporan ilmiah, Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct, dan Elsevier menggunakan kata kunci yang telah ditentukandengan batas waktu publikasim yang tidak ditentukan. Langkah kedua dilakukan pengkajian relevansi judul artikel yang diperoleh dengan sub topik pembahasan penelitian. Langkah ketiga dilakukan validasi kedalaman dan kualitas isi artikel serta relevansinya dengan sub topik pembahasan penelitian. Langkah keempat dilakukan review artikel Gambar 1. Informasi dalam artikel ini diharapkan menjadi acuan bagi pertanian ke depan dalam pemanfaatan CEP sebagai alternatif perlindungan tanaman sehingga menghasilkan pengendalian hama yang lebih efektif.
CENDAWAN ENTOMOPATOGENCEP
merupakan cendawan golongan patogen yang bersifat parasit yang dapat menimbulkan gejala penyakit pada serangga inang (Trizelia & M, 2023). CEP memulai proses infeksi pada serangga ketika spora menempel pada kutikula inang, berkecambah, lalu melakukan penetrasi kutikula dan berkembang di dalam tubuh inang. CEP menyebar di seluruh tubuh inang dengan cepat, menghancurkan jaringan dan menyebabkan kematian. CEP bersifat patogen terhadap berbagai jenis serangga di antaranya larva Lepidoptera, kutudaun, thrips, dan serangga kosmopolitan lainnya (Gómez et al., 2018). Patogenesitas CEP dipengaruhi oleh faktor alam, seperti angin, curah hujan, serta frekuensi kontak antara serangga dan cendawan. CEP umumnya patogen terhadap serangga hama sehingga menekan resiko kerugian bagi organisme non-target atau serangga-serangga yang menguntungkan (Trizelia & W, 2016). Kemampuan CEP dalam menginfeksi serangga memiliki potensi besar sebagai mikopestisida (Zhang et al., 2014).
Sebagian besar CEP termasuk dalam Ordo Entomophthorales dan Neozygitales (Entomophthoromycota). Selain itu, terdapat juga dalam Ordo Hypocreales (beberapa genera), dan Onygenales (Genus Ascosphaera) (Boucias et al., 1988). Entomophthorales menginfeksi inang pada fase larva dan dewasa (Herlinda et al., 2022). Entomophthorales yang ditemukan sebagai CEP, yaitu Strongwellsea sp. (menginfeksi Coenosia testacea), Paradelia intersecta dan Pandora lipai(menginfeksi Rhagonycha fulva), Zoophthora forficulae (menginfeksi Forficula sp.), Neozygites parvispora (menginfeksi Limothrips dentricornis), Entomophthora planchoniana (menginfeksi Elatobium abietinum), dan Pandora formicae(menginfeksi Formica sp.) (White et al., 2006)(Humber, 2008). Hypocreales memiliki kisaran inang yang luas, mampu menginfeksi berbagai tahap kehidupan dalam spesies serangga yang sama, bersifat oportunis dan/atau generalis, dapat ditemukan di tanah, air, tanaman, dan beberapa spesies arthropoda sehingga lebih mudah dieksplorasi. Hypocreales yang telah banyak dilaporkan sebagai CEP di antaranya Beauveria spp. (Steenberg et al., 2001), Metarhizium spp. (Skovgård & Steenberg, 2002), dan Trichoderma spp. (Bamisile et al., 2018). CEP B. bassiana dilaporkan dapat menyebabkan mortalitas terhadap ulat krop kubis Crocidolomia pavonana hingga 82,5% (Trizelia, 2010), ulat grayak Spodoptera litura hingga 79% (Trizelia & W, 2016), nimfa kutukebul B. tabaci hingga 70% (Flawerina & Trizelia, 2021), kepik kubis Eurydema pulchrum hingga 72% (Trizelia & Suhriani, 2019), dan larva UGJ instar 2 dan 3 masing-masingnya hingga 97% dan 98,3% (Gómez et al., 2018)(Ramirez‐Rodriguez & Sánchez‐Peña, 2016).
CEP Metharizium spp.dilaporkan mampu menyebabkan mortalitas neonates UGJ hingga 96,5% (Akutse et al., 2019), dan pupa penggerek buah kakao Conopomorpha cramerella hingga 96,67%(Trizelia & D, 2013) serta menekan pembentukan imago wereng batang cokelat Nilaparvata lugens hingga 62,7% (Trizelia & M, 2023). Peranan Trichoderma sp. dilaporkan menyebabkan mortalitas pada nimfa B. tabaci hingga 73% (Anwar et al., 2016).
Selain mematikan serangga hama fase pasca embrionik, CEP juga memiliki efek ovisidal pada serangga. CEP B. bassiana mampu menekan perkembangan telur Maruca vitrata dan telur Clavigralla tomentosicollis masing-masingnya 100% dan 91,4% (Ekesi et al., 2002), dan telur Perileucoptera coffeella berkisar 27,4–96,9% (Villacorta, 1983). CEP M. anisopliae mampu menekan perkembangan telur penggerek umbi kentang Phthorimaea operculella hingga 63% (Khorrami et al. 2018), telur ulat grayak S. litura hingga 75,70%(Trizelia & A, 2011) dan telur UGJ hingga 87% (Akutse et al., 2019). Selain itu, Trichoderma sp. mampu menekan perkembangan telur Xylotrechus arvicola hingga 90% (Rodríguez-González et al., 2017) Laporan kemampuan cendawan B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, dan Trichoderma sp. dapat dilihat padaTabel 1.
CEP bersifat aktif dalam menginfeksi inang, dimulai setelah terjadinya kontak hingga kematian serangga inang. Periode kontak awal hingga kematian serangga berlangsung 6−8 hari setelah perkecambahan konidia tergantungstrain dan spesies inang (Srisukchayakul et al., 2005). Komposisi dan struktur kimia kutikula serangga akan mempengaruhi proses adhesi konidia CEP [(Boucias et al., 1988). Setelah kontak pada kutikula serangga, CEP mulai melakukan penetrasi dan menyerang tubuh inang. Epikutikula yang terbuat dari senyawa lipid berfungsi memberi serangga perlindungan dari pengeringan dan komunikasi kimia. Spora CEP berkecambah dan melakukan penetrasi kutikula secara langsung atau tumbuh di sepanjang endokutikula, yang berada di antara epidermis dan eksokutikula (Kumar et al., 1997). Enzim yang dihasilkan CEP akan melisis endokutikula serangga lalu hifa berkembang dalam haemocoel (Srisukchayakul et al., 2005).
CEP yang memiliki efek ovisidal, terjadi melalui proses adhesi, perkecambahan, dan penetrasi ke dalam telur inang dengan periode waktu yang berbeda. Proses infeksi CEP dapat terjadi dalam waktu 24 jam pasca-inokulasi B. bassiana and I. fumosorosea terhadap telur Tetranychus urticae (Zhang et al., 2014), 6 jam pasca-inokulasi M. anisopliae terhadap telur penggerek daun Tuta absoluta dan 72 jam pasca-inokulasi M. anisopliae terhadap telur T. absoluta(Pires et al., 2009).
Patogenesitas CEP terhadap serangga di-pengaruhi oleh kondisi pertumbuhan, karakteristik CEP, kadar mikotoksin, interaksi sistemik tanaman dengan CEP dan mikroorganisme lain (Vidal & Jaber, 2015), mekanisme infeksi, pertahanan serangga inang, dan kondisi lingkungan. CEP dapat menginfeksi semua tahap kehidupan inang, tetapi tidak semua tahap kehidupan inang memiliki kerentanan yang sama (Moisan et al., 2019). Larva muda merupakan tahap yang paling rentan terinfeksi, namun efek ovisidal CEP akan menjadi solusi yang efektif sebagai proteksi awal terhadap kerusakan. (Opisa et al., 2018). Dikaitkan dengan potensi penggunaannya dalam pengendalian hayati, interaksi cendawan dan serangga merupakan hal yang penting untuk dikaji. Hal tersebut dapat diketahui dari karakter CEP dalam menyebabkan kematian terhadap inangnya.
Gambar 1.Langkah-langkah penulis dalam menseleksi referensi pendukung penyusunan review artikel(The steps taken by the author in the selection of references to assist in the preparation of the review.)
KARAKTER CEP
CEP ditinjau dari faktor patogenesitasnya memiliki berbagai karakter menghasilkan enzim pengurai dinding sel dan toksin (Peng et al., 2021), enzim protease, lipase, dan aminopeptidase (Clarkson & Charnley, 1996), enzim kitinase (Giridhar et al., 2012), zat pengatur tumbuh, dan protein efektor yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam mengendalikan serangga hama, patogen, dan gulma (Rodriguez et al., 2009). Enzim ekstraseluler berperan dalam penetrasi CEP pada integumen larva dengan komposisi kutikula yang berbeda setelah diekspresikan dalam perkecambahan konidia. Produksi enzim dipengaruhi oleh komposisi kutikula inang sehingga mempengaruhi waktu dan jumlah enzim yang diekspresikan(El-Sayed et al., 1993)(El-Sayed et al., 1993).
Implikasi enzim dalam patogenesis sudah dikenal baik untuk M. anisopliae dan B. bassiana. Pada M. anisopliae,produksi enzim endoprotease dan aminopeptidase terjadi selama pembentukan appressoria yang berperan pada tahap awal infeksi untuk menembus kutikula serangga. (Clarkson & Charnley, 1996). Aktivitas enzimatik (subtilisin-like serin protease – Pr1) Metarhizium dilaporkan oleh (Nunes et al., 2010) pada media substrat kutikula A. gemmatalis lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan substrat lainnya, seperti kasein dan eksuvia pupa.
Trichoderma sp. dilaporkan menghasilkan enzim kitinase(Giridhar et al., 2012) yang berperan dalam mendegradasi kutikula dan dinding sel saluran usus serangga sehingga menyebabkan peningkatan permeabilitas saluran pencernaan. Proses pencernaan dan penyerapan nutrisi akan terganggu sehingga larva dan pupa berkembang menjadi abnormal bahkan dapat menyebabkan kematian (Berini et al., 2015). Enzim kitinase efektif bekerja pada pH 4–7 (Seidl, 2008), yang merupakan pH saluran pencernaan serangga Lepidoptera (7–10) (Chapman, 1982). Selain mampu menginfeksi dan mematikan serangga, CEP juga dilaporkan mampu hidup secara endofit pada tanaman dan menginduksi ketahanan tanaman terhadap serangan hama.
| NO | CENDAWAN ENTOMOPATOGEN | METODA | SERANGGA HAMA DAN REFERENSI |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Beauveria Bassiana | Egg-spraying | Tetranychus urticae (Zhang et al., 2014) |
| Larva-spraying | Spodoptera frugiperda (Akutse et al., 2019)(Carneiro et al., 2008) | ||
| Larva-spraying | Telur dan nimfa Bemicia tabaci (Flawerina & Trizelia, 2021) | ||
| Larva-spraying | Spodoptera frugiperda dan Epilachna varivestis (Garcia-Gutierrez et al., 2011) | ||
| Larva-spraying | Spoladea recurvalis (Opisa et al., 2018) | ||
| Larva-spraying | Xylotrechus arvicola (Rodríguez-González et al., 2017) | ||
| Larva-spraying | Crocidolomia pavonana (F.) (Trizelia, 2010) | ||
| Larva-spraying | Spodoptera litura F. (Trizelia & W, 2016) | ||
| Nimfa-spraying | Eurydema pulchrum Westw. (Trizelia & Suhriani, 2019) | ||
| Leaf-dipping | Spodoptera litura F. (Ayudya et al., 2019) | ||
| Diteteskan pada larva | Plutella xylostella (Nunilahwati et al., 2012) | ||
| 2 | Metharizium anisopliae | Egg-spraying | Tuta absoluta(Pires et al., 2009) |
| Egg-spraying | Spodoptera litura (Trizelia & A, 2011) | ||
| Larva-spraying | Spodoptera frugiperda (Akutse et al., 2019) | ||
| Larva-spraying | Spodoptera frugiperda dan Epilachna varivestis (Garcia-Gutierrez et al., 2011) | ||
| Larva-spraying | Spoladea recurvalis (Opisa et al., 2018) | ||
| Nimfa/Imago sprayig | Nillaparvata lugens (Trizelia & M, 2023) | ||
| Pupae-spraying | Conopomorpha Cramerella Snell.(Trizelia & D, 2013) | ||
| Potato-dippig, Leaf-dipping, egg-dipping | Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Khorrami et al. 2018) | ||
| Dipping eggs | Maruca vitrata dan Clavigralla tomentosicollis (Ekesi et al., 2002) | ||
| Leaf-dipping | Perileucoptera coffeella (Villacorta, 1983) | ||
| Diteteskan pada larva | Plutella xylostella (Nunilahwati et al., 2012) | ||
| 3 | Trichoderma sp | Larva-spraying | Bemicia tabaci (Anwar et al., 2016) |
| Larva-spraying | Xylotrechus arvicola (Rodríguez-González et al., 2017) |
CEP ENDOFIT
Selain menginfeksi serangga hama, CEP juga dilaporkan dapat mengkolonisasi jaringan tanaman (cendawan endofit) (Vega, 2008)(Vega, 2018). CEP yang diisolasi dari jaringan tanaman di antaranya adalah B. basiana (pada tanaman jagung, kentang, kapas, tomat, bawang, pisang dan kakao), I. farinosa, Cladosporium spp., Acremonium spp., dan Clonostachys rosea (pada tanaman kopi), L. lecanii (pada tanaman Carolina) (Vega, 2008)(Orole & Adejumo, 2009)(Vega et al., 2009), M. anisopliae (pada tanaman ubi kayu) (Greenfield et al., 2016) ,dan F. oxysporum pada tanaman bawang (Martinuz et al., 2012).
CEP berasosiasi dengan tanaman dalam menjalani bagian dari siklus hidupnya tanpa menyebabkan penyakit pada tanaman (Hardoim et al., 2015). Kolonisasi CEP dalam jaringan tanaman diawali dari konidia CEP yang membentuk tabung kecambah dan berkembang menjadi hifa. CEP masuk melalui bukaan alami atau langsung melalui dinding sel epidermis dengan bantuan enzim atau tekanan mekanis. CEP di dalam jaringan tanaman mengkolonisasi ruang antara sel parenkim atau bahkan di pembuluh xylem yang terlokalisasi dalam jaringan tertentu atau bersifat sistemik(Rodriguez et al., 2009). Umumnya CEP berada pada interseluler inang dan lokasi jaringan; dan dapat menjadi intraseluler dan masuk ke dalam sel inang dalam sitoplasma atau di ruang periplasma(Thomas & Sekhar, 2014)(White et al., 2014). CEP yang hidup secara endofit menunjukkan bahwa CEP memiliki siklus hidup yang kompleks selain bersifat saprofit dalam tanah, atau parasit fakultatif pada inang invertebrata (Mantzoukas & Grammatikopoulos, 2020)(Jaber & Araj, 2018)(Mantzoukas & Grammatikopoulos, 2020)(González-Mas et al., 2019).
CEP di dalam jaringan tanaman akan bergantung pada tanaman inang untuk nutrisi, perlindungan, dan perkembangannya. CEP dapat ditemukan dalam biji, daun, batang atau akar pada beberapa spesies tanaman inang (Vega, 2008)(Trizelia & M, 2023)(Flawerina & Trizelia, 2021). CEP yang diisolasi dari jaringan tanaman di antaranya B. basiana, I. farinosa, Cladosporiumspp., C. rosea, Acremonium spp., dan L. lecanii(Vega, 2018) . CEP dari tanaman inang yang telah dikonfirmasi keberadaanya pada media buatan di antaranya M. anisopliae (Akello & Sikora, 2012)(Greenfield et al., 2016), F. oxysporum, H. lixii, G. moniliformis, dan Trichoderma spp. (Martinuz et al., 2012)(Akutse et al., 2013)(Trizelia, 2020), B. bassiana (Trizelia, 2020) dan lainnya.
PEMANFAATAN CEP ENDOFIT UNTUK MENGINDUKSI KETAHANAN TANAMAN
Keberadaan CEP dalam jaringan tanaman dapat terjadi secara alami (endofit alami), atau dapat diinokulasikan secara buatan melalui inokulasi benih, aplikasi daun, perendaman bibit dan bahan perbanyakan vegetatif, penyiraman tanah, serta injeksi (Vega, 2018)(Bamisile et al., 2018)(Saragih et al., 2019). CEP yang hidup secara endofit dilaporkan dapat berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman dan kehidupan serangga herbivora melaluipeningkatan perkecambahan dan pertumbuhan tanaman(Saragih et al., 2019)(Trizelia, 2020)(Saragih et al., 2021)(Saragih et al., 2022)(Yuliana & Trizelia, 2023)(Yusniwati & Trizelia, 2023)(Yusniwati & Nurbailis, 2023), menekan perkembangan hama (Jaber & Araj, 2018)(Vidal & Jaber, 2015), bersifat antifeedant (Russo et al., 2018)(Russo et al., 2019)(Manoussopoulos et al., 2019) dan menurunkan tingkat reproduksi serangga (González-Mas et al., 2019), serta mengurangi preferensi oviposisi imago betina dan menghambat pembentukan telur (Hendra et al., 2022). Keefektifan CEP yang diinokulasikan pada jaringan tanaman ditampilkan padaTabel 2.
Pemanfaatan CEP secara endofit dalam program pengendalian hama dipengaruhi oleh faktor ekologis (abiotik dan biotik) dan metoda inokulasi terhadap kemampuan kolonisasi dan virulensi CEP dalam pengendalian serangga hama target (Bamisile et al., 2018). CEP yang hidup secara endofit memiliki manfaat mutualisme sebagai pelindung tanaman karena menimbulkan efek merugikan bagi herbivora sebagai bentuk perlindungan adaptif terhadap serangga herbivora (Puri et al. 2016).
CEP B. bassiana yang dikolonisasikan dengan aplikasi daun pada tanaman kapas, menyebabkan mortalitas nimfa Aphis gossypii hingga 61% dan menurunkan bobot Chortoicetes terminifera hingga hingga 51,85% (Gurulingappa et al., 2010). Kolonisasi B. bassiana melalui aplikasi benih, penyemprotan daun dan penyiraman tanah pada tanaman Papaver somniferum dapat mengurangi populasi larva Iraella luteipe hingga 73,4% (Quesada-Moraga et al., 2009). Kolonisasi B. bassiana dengan perendaman akar pisang dapat menekan populasi Cosmopolites sordidus hingga 88,9% dan menekan kerusakan tanaman hingga 86,7%(Akello et al., 2008).(White et al., 2002) melaporkan bahwa kolonisasi M. anisopliae pada tanaman jagung dan sorgum dapat mengurangi kerusakan oleh Ostrinia nubilalis dan Sesamia calamistis hingga 75%.Selain B. bassiana dan M. anisopliae, kolonisasi Trichoderma sp. juga mempengaruhi pola makan UGJ yang ditandai dengan penurunan jumlah luka dan luas daun yang dikonsumsi. Penurunan kerusakan tanaman dan penekanan populasihama terjadi akibat adanya rangsangan signal pertahanan tanaman akibat kolonisasi mikroba nonpatogenik di dalam jaringan tanaman, yaitu CEP (Salas-Marina et al., 2015).
Tanaman menghasilkan hormon sebagai bentuk pertahanan tanaman terhadap serangga herbivora diantaranya, yaitu salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), dan etilen. Produksi hormon dipengaruhi oleh kondisi lingkungan serta sifat mikroorganisme dan serangga yang menyerang (Does D et al., 2013) . Fitohormon JA dan turunannya berperan dalam meregulasi induksi pertahanan tanaman terhadap serangga herbivora (Vadassery et al., 2012) . Protein yang diatur oleh JA berperan dalam pertahanan tanaman dengan menargetkan saluran pencernaan serangga untuk mengganggu proses pencernaan dan penyerapan nutrisi (Zhu-Salzman et al., 2008).
Serangga herbivora dengan tipe mulut menggigit mengunyah atau tipe mulut menusuk menghisap akan merangsang aktifnya JA atau SA (Rodriguez-Saona et al., 2010). Mekanisme molekuler yang diaktifkan sebagai respons terhadap serangan herbivora melibatkan beberapa protein sebagai pengatur utama (Kim & Felton, 2013). Faktor transkripsi MYC2, regulator positif untuk gen yang responsif terhadap JA berperan dalam resistensi sistemik yang diinduksi oleh mikroba seperti CEP (Carvalhais et al., 2015), dan membentuk respons pertahanan tanaman (Verhage et al., 2011) . Paparan -pinene dan (E)-β-caryophyllene menyebabkan depolarisasi terpen volatil yang berperan dalam aktivasi mekanisme resistensi (Zebelo et al., 2012).
Implementasi CEP dalam pengelolaan hama di Indonesia sudah menjadi perhatian utama kususnya untuk menekan penggunaan pestisida sintetis. Kolonisasi B. bassiana melalui perendaman stek, aplikasi daun dan tanah pada tanaman ubi jalar mampu menekan tingkat kerusakan umbi terhadap Cylas formicarius menjadi 1%, meningkatkan produksi hingga 43 t/ha serta menjaga populasi serangga predator dan parasitoid dibandingkan dengan penggunaan pestisida kimia (tingkat kerusakan 21% dan nilai produksi 20t/ha) (Prayogo et al., 2024). Kolonisasi B. bassiana dengan kombinasi mulsa plastik juga mampu menurunkan kehilangan hasil hingga 96,76% akibat C. formicarius dibandingkan dengan penggunaan insektisida (Prayogo et al., 2022). Aplikasi Trichoderma sp., SlNPV, B. bassiana, L. lecanii mampu menurunkan populasi hama dengan tetap mempertahankan populasi musuh alami pada tanaman kacang hijau (Prayogo et al., 2022), serta mempertahankan kelimpahan arthropoda predator dan parasitoid pada tanaman kedelai dibandingkan aplikasi pestisida sintetik (Prayogo et al. 2022c).
CEP yang diinokulasikan pada jaringan tanaman memiliki potensi untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai penginduksi ketahanan tanaman terhadap serangga herbivora dengan tetap menjaga populasi musuh alami. Penggunaan CEP endofit secara preventif perlu dikembangkan sebagai alternatif biokontrol ramah lingkungan dibandingkan pestisida konvensioanal dalam pengelolaan hama terpadu (PHT) di bidang pertanian.
| No | CENDAWAN ENTOMOPATOGEN | CENDAWAN ENTOMOPATOGEN SEBAGAI ENDOFIT | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perlakuan | Tanaman Inang | Serangga Target dan Referensi | ||
| 1 | Beauveria Bassiana | Seed-soaking | Vicia faba | Acyrthosiphon pisum(Akello & Sikora, 2012)(Jaber & Enkerli, 2016) |
| Seed-soaking | Vicia faba dan Phaseolus vulgaris | Liriomyza huidobrensis (Akutse et al., 2013) | ||
| Seed-soaking | Corchorus capsularis L | Apion corchori (Biswas et al., 2013) | ||
| Seed-soaking | Phaseolus vulgaris | Tetranychus urticae koch (Dash et al., 2018) | ||
| Seed-soaking | Phaseolus vulgaris | Liriomyza huidobrensis, Sativae blanchard dan l. Trifolii(Gathage et al., 2016) | ||
| Seed-soaking | Vicia faba | (Jaber & Enkerli, 2016) | ||
| Seed-soaking | Gosypium Hirsutum | Aphis gossypii Glover (Lopez et al., 2014) | ||
| Seed-soaking | Solanum lycopersicum L. | Helicoverpa zea (Powell et al., 2009) |
||
| Seed-soaking | Triticum aestivum L. | Spodoptera littoralis (Sánchez-Rodríguez et al., 2017) |
||
| Seed-soaking | Zea mays | Spodoptera frugiperda (Sari et al., 2022) |
||
|
Seed-soaking Seed-soaking Seed-soaking |
Zea mays Capsicum annum Capsicum annum |
Spodoptera frugiperda (Sari et al., 2022) Myzus persicae (Trizelia, 2020) Bemisia tabaci (Saragih et al., 2022) |
||
| Foliar-spraying | Cucumis melo L. Cv. Siglo | Aphis gossypii Gonzales-Mas et al. 2019 | ||
| Foliar-spraying | Gossypium hirsutum, Triticum aestivum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Zea mays, Lycopersicum esculentum, dan Cucurbita maxima. | Aphis gossypii dan Chortoicetes terminifera (Gurulingappa et al., 2010) | ||
| Foliar-spraying | Solanum lycopersicon cv. Harzfeuer | Tuta absoluta (Klieber dan Reineke, 2015) | ||
| Foliar-spraying | Sorghum bicolor L. Moench | Sesamia nonagrioides (Mantzoukas & Grammatikopoulos, 2020) | ||
| Foliar-spraying | Medicago sativa L., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill dan Cucumis melo L. | Spodptera littoralis (Resquín-Romero et al., 2016) |
||
| Foliar-spraying | Vitis vinifera L. | Planococcus ficus (Rondot dan Reineke, 2016) |
||
| Foliar-spraying | Glycine max L. Merril. | Helicoverpa gelotopoeon (Russo et al., 2019) |
||
| Soil-drenching | Capsicum annum | Myzus persicae, Aphidius colemani (Jaber et al., 2017) | ||
| Rhizomes-soaking | Fragaria ananassa | Myzus persicae (Manoussopoulos et al., 2019) | ||
| Foliar-spray, seed-immersion dan root-immersion | Glycine max L. Merril. | |||
| 2 | Metharizium anisopliae | Seed-soaking | Vicia faba | Acyrthosiphon pisum(Akello & Sikora, 2012) |
| Seed-soaking | Zea mays | Spodoptera frugiperda (Nunilahwati et al., 2012) |
||
| Seed-soaking | Zea mays | Spodoptera frugiperda (Herlinda et al., 2022) |
||
| Seed-coating | Zea mays | Spodoptera frugiperda (Lira et al., 2020) | ||
| Soil-drenching | Manihot esculenta Crantz | (Greenfield et al., 2016) | ||
| Rhizomes-soaking | Fragaria ananassa | Myzus persicae(Manoussopoulos et al., 2019) | ||
| Foliar-spray, seed-immersion dan Root-immersion | Glycine max | |||
| 3 | Trichoderma sp | Seed-soaking | Vicia faba | Acyrthosiphon pisum (Akello & Sikora, 2012) |
| Seed-soaking | Vicia faba dan phaseolus vulgaris | Liriomyza huidobrensis(Akutse et al., 2013) | ||
| Root-treatment | Zea mays | Spodoptera frugiperda(Contreras-Cornejo et al., 2017) | ||
| Soaking-seeds dan Soaking-root | Allium cepa | Thrips tabaci(Muvea et al., 2014) | ||
KESIMPULAN
Implementasi cendawan entomopatogen (CEP) dan program pengendalian hama terpadu (PHT) akan membutuhkan suatu pemahaman yang mendalam tentang interaksi ekologi di antaranya faktor abiotik dan biotik, yang mempengaruhi kemampuan CEP untuk mengkolonisasi jaringan tanaman. Keberhasilan pemanfaatan CEP sebagai salah satu pengendalian hayati yang menggunakan cendawan yang bersifat patogen terhadap serangga hama adalah melalui aplikasi secara langsung maupun melalui metode inokulasi buatan (artificialinoculation) dengan perlakuan kolonisasi cendawan entomopatogen yang dapat menetap sebagai endofit dalam jaringan tanaman. CEP yang bersifat endofit dapat meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman terhadap serangga hama secara sistemik dengan mengaktifkan enzim, hormon dan senyawa bioaktif tanaman. Aplikasi CEP efektif, murah dan mudah diterapkan dan bersifat ramah lingkungan.
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