Keanekaragaman Diptera kanopi pada empat tipe penggunaan lahan berbeda di Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia
The diversity of dipteran canopy on the four different land use types in Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia
Downloads
Rainforest conversion into monoculture plantations has decreased tree canopy cover and insect diversity, including Diptera. Diptera is a group of insects that play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems. This study aimed to assess the impact of forest conversion to plantations on the diversity and composition of Diptera across four landuse types in Jambi, Sumatra. Diptera sampling was conducted using canopy fogging in two landscapes: Bukit Duabelas National Park and Harapan Rainforest. In each landscape, four land use types were determined: forest, jungle rubber, rubber plantation, and oil palm plantation. A total of 13,513 Diptera individuals were collected, representing 39 families, 169 genera, and 399 species. The dominant family is Cecidomyiidae, and the dominant species is Procontarinia sp. 01. The highest abundance and species richness was found in forest, followed by jungle rubber. The lowest abundance was found in oil palm plantations, while the lowest species richness was found in rubber plantations. ANOVA test results indicated that different land use type significantly influenced Diptera abundance and species richness, whereas landscape had no significant effect. Diptera composition was influenced by land use type, landscape, and the interaction between land use type and landscape. Diptera composition in forest and jungle rubber showed the highest similarity, while the lowest similarity was in forest and oil palm plantation. This composition change was driven by species turnover. In addition, land conversion also caused a shift in dominance, with forests dominated by Cecidomyiidae, then dominance shifted to Ceratopogonidae in monoculture plantations.
Downloads
Allen K, Corre MD, Tjoa A, Veldkamp E. 2015. Soil nitrogen-cycling responses to conversion of lowland forests to oil palm and rubber plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia. Public Library of Science One. 10:1–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133325.
Amouroux P, Normand F, Nibouche S, Delatte H. 2013. Invasive mango blossom gall midge, Procontarinia mangiferae (Felt) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Reunion Island: ecological plasticity, permanent and structured populations. Biological Invasions. 15:1677–1693. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-012-0400-0.
Amrulloh R, Noerdjito WA, Istiaji B, Hidayat P, Buchori D. 2022. Keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan kumbang daun (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) pada empat tipe penggunaan lahan yang berbeda di Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas dan Hutan Harapan, Provinsi Jambi. Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia. 19:147–163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5994/jei.19.2.147.
Athanassiou CG, Kavallieratos NG, Arthur FH, Nakas CT. 2021. Rating knockdown of flour beetles after exposure to two insecticides as an indicator of mortality. Scientific Reports. 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78982-z.
Azhar A, Hartke TR, Böttges L, Lang T, Larasati A, Novianti N, Tawakkal I, Hidayat P, Buchori D, Scheu S, Drescher J. 2022a. Rainforest conversion to cash crops reduces abundance, biomass and species richness of parasitoid wasps in Sumatra, Indonesia. Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 24:506–515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12512.
Azhar A, Tawakkal MI, Sari A, Rizali A, Tarigan SD, Nazarreta R, Buchori D. 2022b. Tree diversity enhance species richness of beneficial insect in experimental biodiversity enrichment in oil palm plantation. International Journal of Oil Palm. 5:39–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35876/ijop.v5i2.82.
Basset Y, Cizek L, Cuénoud P, Didham RK, Guilhaumon F, Missa O, Novotny V, Ødegaard F, Roslin T, Schmidl J, Tishechkin AK, Winchester NN, Roubik DW, Aberlenc H, Bail J, Barrios H, Bridle JR, Castaño-Meneses G, Corbara B, Curletti G, da Rocha WD, De Bakker D, Delabie JHC, Dejean A, Fagan LL, Floren A, Kitching RL, Medianero E, Miller SE, de Oliveira EG, Orivel J, Pollet M, Rapp M, Ribeiro SP, Roisin Y, Schmidt JB, Sørensen L, Leponce M. 2012. Arthropod diversity in a tropical forest. Science. 338:1481–1484. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226727.
Boudreau DR, Hammami N, Moreau G. 2021. Environmental and evolutionary factors favouring the coexistence of sarcosaprophagous Calliphoridae species competing for animal necromass. Ecological Entomology. 46:1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1111/een.13076.
[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Jambi. 2025a. Luas Kawasan Hutan dan Perairan Menurut Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Jambi (ha), 2023. BPS Provinsi Jambi. Available at: https://jambi.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3Umpod09GaG5RbTlOYTJwaVFXWnJPRmQ1Wm1wMVp6MDkjMw==/luas-kawasan-hutan-dan-konservasi-perairan-sup--1--sup--menurut-kabupaten-kota-dan-fungsi-hutan-di-provinsi-jambi--ha---2023.html?year=2023 [accessed 14 December 2025].
[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Jambi. 2025b. Provinsi Jambi dalam Angka 2025. Jakarta: BPS Provinsi Jambi.
Baselga A. 2010. Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 19:134–143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00490.x.
Bedward M. 2020. Ggboral: view BORAL model results with ggplot. R package version 0.1.7. Available at: https://github.com/mbedward/ggboral [accessed 13 May 2025].
Böhnert T, Wenzel A, Altenhövel C, Beeretz L, Tjitrosoedirdjo SS, Meijide A, Rembold K, Kreft H. 2016. Effects of land-use change on vascular epiphyte diversity in Sumatra (Indonesia). Biological Conservation. 202:20–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.008.
Chen H, Chou J, Lin C, Wen Y, Wang W. 2016. Seasonal yeast compositions in Forcipomyia taiwana (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal Asia-Pacific Entomology. 19:509–514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2016.04.020.
Daawia D, Dianingsih N. 2023. Dampak konversi hutan menjadi perkebunan kelapa sawit terhadap keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan kupu-kupu Superfamili Papilionoidea. Jurnal Biologi Papua. 15:28–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31957/jbp.2680.
de Souza Amorim D, Brown BV, Boscolo D. Ale-Rocha R, Alvarez-Garcia DM, Balbi MIPA, Barbosa AD, Capellari RS, de Carvalho CJB, Couri MS, Dioz RDP, Fachin DA, Ferro GB, Flores HF, Frare LM, Gudin FM, Hauser M, Lamas CJE, Lindsay KG, Marinho MAT, Marques DWA, Marshall SA, Mello-Patiu C, Menezes MA, Morales MN, Nihei SS, Oliveira SS, Pirani G, Ribeiro GC, Riccardi PR, de Santis MD, Santos D, dos Santos JR, Silva VC, Wood EM, Rafael JA. 2022. Vertical stratification of insect abundance and species richness in an Amazonian tropical forest. Scientific Reports. 12:1734. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05677-y.
Desriana R, Buchori D, Maryana N. 2023. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 1220:012025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1220/1/012025.
Drescher J, Rembold K, Allen K, Beckschäfer P, Buchori D, Clough Y, Faust H, Fauzi AM, Gunawan D, Hertel D, Irawan B, Jaya NS, Klarner B, Kleinn C, Knohl A, Kotowska MM, Krashevska V, Krishna V, Leuschner C, Lorenz W, Meijide A, Melati D, Nomura N, Perez-Cruzado C, Qaim M, Siregar IZ, Steinebach S, Tjoa A, Tscharntke T, Wick B, Wiegand K, Kreft H, Scheu S. 2016. Ecological and socio-economic functions across tropical land use systems after rainforest conversion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 371:1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0275.
Ehlers J. Hartke TR, Janotta N, Mawan A, Nazarreta R, Desriana R, Hidayat P, Buchori D, Scheu S, Pollierer MM,Drescher J. 2024. Trophic change and community decline in acrobat ants after rainforest conversion to cash crops. Ecology and Evolution. 14:1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70694.
Erram D, Burkett-Cadena N. 2021. Oviposition of Culicoides insignis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) under laboratory conditions with notes on the developmental life history traits of its immature stages. Parasit Vectors. 14:1– 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-05025-5.
Field SA, Kaspi R, Yuval B. 2003. Why do calling medflies (Diptera: Tephritidae) cluster? Assessing the empirical evidence for models of medfly lek evolution. Florida Entomologist. 85:63–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0063:WDCMDT]2.0.CO;2.
García-Martínez M.Á, Martínez-Tlapa DL, Pérez-Toledo G.R, Quiroz-Robledo LN, Castaño-Meneses G, Laborde J, Valenzuela-González JE. 2015. Taxonomic, species and functional group diversity of ants in a tropical anthropogenic landscape. Tropical Conservation Science. 8:1017–1032. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/194008291500800412.
[GBIF] Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2025. Diptera. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/ [accessed 15 December 2025].
Geeraert L, Aerts R, Jordaens K, Dox I, Wellens S, Couri M, Berecha G, Honnay O. 2018. Intensification of Ethiopian coffee agroforestry drives impoverishment of the Arabica coffee flower visiting bee and fly communities. Agroforestry Systems. 93:1729–1739. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-018-0280-0.
Gérard A, Wollni M, Hölscher D, Irawan B, Sundawati L, Teuscher M, Kreft H. 2017. Oil-palm yields in diversified plantations: initial results from a biodiversity enrichment experiment in Sumatra, Indonesia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 240: 253–260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.02.026.
Gibson L, Lee TM, Koh LP, Brook BW, Gardner TA, Barlow J, Peres CA, Bradshaw CJA, Laurance WF, Lovejoy TE, Sodhi NS. 2011. Primary forests are irreplaceable for sustaining tropical biodiversity. Nature. 478:378–381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10425.
Grass I, Kubitza C, Krishna V V., Corre MD, Mußhoff O, Pütz P, Drescher J, Rembold K, Ariyanti ES, Barnes AD, Brinkmann N, Brose U, Brümmer B, Buchori D, Daniel R, Darras KA, Faust H, Fehrmann L, Hein J, Hennings N, Hidayat P, Hölscher D, Jochum M, Knohl A, Kotowska MM, Krashevska V, Kreft H, Leuschner C, Lobite NJS, Panjaitan R, Polle A, Potapov AM, Purnama E, Qaim M, Röll A, Scheu S, Schneider D, Tjoa A, Tscharntke T, Veldkamp E, Wollni M. 2020. Trade-offs between multifunctionality and profit in tropical smallholder landscapes. Nature Communications. 11:1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15013-5.
Haneda NF, Yuniar N. 2015. Komunitas semut (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) pada empat tipe ekosistem yang berbeda di Desa Bungku Provinsi Jambi. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika. 6:203–209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13057/psnmbi/m010707.
Hartke T. 2020. RankAbund: calculate rank abundances and plot rank abundance curves. R package version 0.2.0. Available at: https://github.com/tamarahartke/RankAbund [accessed 13 May 2025].
Heiduk A, Brake I, Shuttleworth A, Johnson SD. 2023. ‘Bleeding’ flowers of Ceropegia gerrardii (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae) mimic wounded insects to attract kleptoparasitic fly pollinators. New Phytologist. 239:1490–1504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18888.
Hui FKC. 2025. Boral: bayesian ordination and regression analysis. R package version 2.0.3.
Jonsson T, Karlsson P, Jonsson A. 2006. Food web structure affects the extinction risk of species in ecological communities. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Volume 5: Water Pollution. 199:93–106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.06.012.
Junggebauer A, Hartke TR, Ramos D, Schaefer I, Buchori D, Hidayat P, Scheu S, Drescher J. 2021. Changes in diversity and community assembly of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) after rainforest conversion to rubber and oil palm plantations. PeerJ. 9:1–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11012.
Kasmiatun, Hartke TR, Buchori D, Hidayat P, Siddikah F, Amrulloh R, Hiola MS, Najmi L, Noerdjito WA, Scheu S, Drescher J. 2022. Rainforest conversion to smallholder cash crops leads to varying declines of beetles (Coleoptera) on Sumatra. Biotropica. 55:119–131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.13165.
Kaspi R, Yuval B. 1999. Mediterranean fruit fly leks: factors affecting male location. Functional Ecology. 13:539–545. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00344.x.
Kirk-Spriggs AH, Sinclair BJ, Marshall SA. 2017a. Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. Volume 1. Introductory chapters and keys to Diptera families. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI Publishing).
Kirk-Spriggs AH, Sinclair BJ, Marshall SA. 2017b. Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. Volume 2. Nematocerous Diptera and lower Brachycera. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI Publishing).
Kirk-Spriggs AH, Sinclair BJ, Marshall SA. 2021. Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. Volume 3. Brachycera-Cyclorrhapha excluding Calyptrate. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI Publishing).
Laumonier Y, Uryu Y, Stüwe M, Budiman A, Setiabudi B, Hadian O. 2010. Eco-floristic sectors and deforestation threats in Sumatra: identifying new conservation area network priorities for ecosystem-based land use planning. Biodiversity and Conservation. 19:1153–1174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9784-2.
Maia, V. C. 2024. Five new species of Asphondylia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini) from Brazilian restinga (Atlantic Forest). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 64:1–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.008.
Margono BA, Potapov PV, Turubanova S, Stolle F, Hansen MC. 2014. Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000 – 2012. Nature Climate Change. 4:730–735. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1038/nclimate2277.
McAlpine JF, Peterson BV, Shewell GE, Teskey HJ, Vockeroth JR, Wood DM. 1981. Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 1. Ottawa: Biosystematics Research Institute.
McAlpine JF, Peterson BV, Shewell GE, Teskey HJ, Vockeroth JR, Wood DM. 1987. Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 2. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.
Mohd-Azlan J, Conway S, Travers TJ, Lawes MJ. 2023. The filtering effect of oil palm plantation on potential insect pollinator assemblages from remnant forest patches. Land. 12:1–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land12061256.
Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mitterleier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature. 403:853–858. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501.
Navai S, Dominiak P, Szadziewski R. 2017. Vertebrate blood-feeding biting midges of the Subgenus Lasiohelea Kieffer of Forcipomyia Meigen in Europe (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) with new synonyms. Annales Zoologici. 67:823–835. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2017.67.4.016.
Nazarreta R, Hartke TR, Hidayat P, Scheu S, Buchori D, Drescher J. 2020. Rainforest conversion to smallholder plantations of rubber or oil palm leads to species loss and community shifts in canopy ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News. 30:175–186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25849/myrmecol.news_030175.
Nugroho SS, Mujiyono M. 2021. Pembaruan informasi taksonomi nyamuk dan kunci identifikasi fotografis genus nyamuk (Diptera: Culicidae) di Indonesia. Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia. 18:55–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5994/jei.18.1.55.
Oksanen J, Simpson G, Blanchet F, Kindt R, Legendre P, Minchin P, O’Hara R, Solymos P, Stevens M, Szoecs E, Wagner H, Barbour M, Bedward M, Bolker B, Borcard D, Carvalho G, Chirico M, De Caceres M, Durand S, Evangelista H, FitzJohn R, Friendly M, Furneaux B, Hannigan G, Hill M, Lahti L, McGlinn D, Ouellette M, Ribeiro Cunha E, Smith T, Stier A, Ter Braak C, Weedon J, Borman T. 2025. Vegan: community ecology package. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.vegan.
Panjaitan R, Drescher J, Buchori D, Peggie D, Harahap IS, Scheu S, Hidayat P. 2020. Diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera) across rainforest transformation systems in Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 21:5119–5127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13057/ biodiv/d211117.
[GBIF] Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2025. Diptera. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/ [accessed 15 December 2025].
Pollierer M, Drescher J, Potapov A, Kasmiatun K, Mutiari M, Nazarreta R, Hidayat P, Buchori D, Scheu S. 2023. Rainforest conversion to plantations fundamentally alters energy fluxes and functions in canopy arthropod food webs. Ecology Letters. 26:1663–1675. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14276.
Potapov AM, Drescher J, Darras K, Wenzel A, Janotta N, Nazarreta R, Kasmiatun, Laurent V, Mawan A, Utari EH, Pollierer MM, Rembold K, Widyastuti R, Buchori D, Hidayat P, Turner E, Grass I, Westphal C, Tscharntke T, Scheu S. 2024. Rainforest transformation reallocates energy from green to brown food webs. Nature. 627:116–122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07083-y.
Prince PW, Denno RF, Eubanks MD, Finke DL, Kaplan I. 2011. Insect Ecology: Behavior, Populations and Communities. Cambridge University Press. New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511975387.
Qian H, Ricklefs RE, White PS. 2005. Beta diversity of angiosperms in temperate floras of eastern Asia and eastern North America. Ecology Letter. 8:15–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1461-0248.2004.00682.x..
Quaglia AI, Blosser EM, McGregor BL, Runkel AE, Sloyer KE, Erram D, Wisely SM, Burkett-Cadena ND. 2020. Tracking community timing: pattern and determinants of seasonality in Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Northern Florida. Viruses. 12:1–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v12090931.
R Core Team. 2025. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Available at: https://www.r-project.org/ [accessed 13 May 2025].
Ramos D, Hartke TR, Buchori D, Dupérré N, Hidayat P, Lia M, Harms D, Scheu S, Drescher J. 2022. Rainforest conversion to rubber and oil palm reduces abundance, biomass and diversity of canopy spiders. PeerJ. 1:1–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/ peerj.13898.
Rembold K, Mangopo H, Tjitrosoedirdjo SS, Kreft H. 2017. Plant diversity, forest dependency, and alien plant invasions in tropical agricultural landscapes. Biological Conservation. 213:234–242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.07.020.
Scherber C, Vockenhuber EA, Stark A, Meyer H, Tscharntke T. 2014. Effects of tree and herb biodiversity on Diptera, a hyperdiverse insect order. Oecologia. 174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-013-2865-7.
Schowalter D. 2011. Insect Ecology, An Ecosystem Approach. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN: 978-0-12-381351-0.
Smith TJ, Mayfield MM. 2015. Diptera species and functional diversity across tropical Australian countryside landscapes. Biological Conservation. 191:436–443. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.07.035.
Susila IW, Sumiartha IK, Supartha IW, Yudha IKW, Utama IWEK, Yasa IWS, Wiradana PA. 2022. Abundance, distribution mapping and DNA barcoding of Procontarinia robusta (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a mango gall midge in Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity. 23:6428–6436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d231241.
Suzanti F, Kuswardani RA, Rahayu S, Susanto A. 2016. Contribution of epiphytes on the canopy insect population in oil palm plantations in North Sumatera. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 11:6982–6998.
Taradipha MRR, Rushayati SB, Haneda NF. 2018. Karakteristik lingkungan terhadap komunitas serangga. Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management. 9:394–404. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.9.2.394-404.
Teuscher M, Gerard A, Brose U, Buchori D, Clough Y, Ehbrecht M, Holscher D, Irawan B, Sundawati L, Wollni M, Kreft H. 2016. Experimental biodiversity enrichment in oil-palm-dominated landscapes in Indonesia. Frontiers in Plant Science. 7:1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01538.
Toledo-Hernandez M, Tscharntke T, Tjoa A, Anshary A, Cyio B, Wanger TC. 2021. Landscape and farm-level management for conservation of potential pollinators in Indonesian cocoa agroforests. Biological Conservation. 257:1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109106.
Laliberté E, Tylianakis JM. 2010. Deforestation homogenizes tropical parasitoid-host networks. Ecology. 91:1740–1747. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1328.1.
Wickham H. 2016. Ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer-Verlag New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24277-4_9.
Winder JA. 1977. Field observations on Ceratopogonidae and other Diptera: Nematocera associated with cocoa flowers in Brazil. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 67:57–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300010890.
Zemp DC, Ehbrecht M, Seidel D, Ammer C, Craven D, Erkelenz J, Irawan B, Sundawati L, Hölscher D, Kreft H. 2019. Mixed-species tree plantings enhance structural complexity in oil palm plantations. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 283:1–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.06.003.
Zemp DC, Guerrero-Ramirez N, Brambach F, Darras K, Grass I, Potapov A, Röll A, Arimond I, Ballauff J, Behling H, Berkelmann D, Biagioni S, Buchori D, Craven D, Daniel R, Gailing O, Ellsäßer F, Fardiansah R, Hennings N, Irawan B, Khokthong W, Krashevska V, Krause A, Kückes J, Li K, Lorenz H, Maraun M, Merk MS, Moura CCM, Mulyani YA, Paterno GB, Pebrianti HD, Polle A, Prameswari DA, Sachsenmaier L, Scheu S, Schneider D, Setiajiati F, Setyaningsih CA, Sundawati L, Tscharntke T, Wollni M, Hölscher D, Kreft H. 2023. Tree islands enhance biodiversity and functioning in oil palm landscapes. Nature. 618:316-321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06086-5.
Zimmer J, Brostaux Y, Haubruge E, Francis F. 2014. Larval development sites of the main Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in northern Europe and distribution of coprophilic species larvae in Belgian pastures. Veterinary Parasitology. 205:676–686. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.08.029.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ulfa Ulinnuha, Damayanti Buchori, Jochen Drescher, Stefan Scheu, Rizky Nazarreta, Kasmiatun, Paramita Hayu Widhyastuti, Akhmad Rizali, Purnama Hidayat
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
