Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia

The polymorphism of vespid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from Indonesia with morphology-based cladistic

Yelsha Ramadhila — 2023-08-14

Wasps in the family of Vespidae often have a yellowish black color with white or brown markings, but some species have variations in their markings and coloring. There is limited information available about the distribution of these marking patterns within the Vespidae Family. To clarify their taxonomic status, this study aims to examine the marking patterns of Vespid wasps that are widely distributed in the Indonesian Archipelago and to explore correlations with their biogeographical distribution patterns. In this study, specimens from three different locations (Bandung, Sumedang, and Purworejo) and specimens from the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) were examined. A total of 31 individuals from five different species were analyzed based on their morphological features. The data collected was coded and analyzed using cladistic methods, and the results were used to create cladogram trees for each of the five species i.e., Phimenes flavopictus, Polistes stigma, Apodynerus troglodytes, Vespa affinis, and Vespa velutina, showing their biogeographical distribution. The cladistic analysis in this study showed the relationships between the different species based on their morphological characteristics. The arrangements of the clades were determined using the Euclidean method in R studio. The results showed that P. flavopictus has two clades based on the marking patterns on their thorax and abdomen, while the other species i.e., Po. stigma, V. affinis, V. velutina, and A. troglodytes have three clades based on their coloring and marking patterns on all segments. The distribution of the Vespidae species appears to be scattered, with their patterns randomly distributed among locations.

Kajian aspek keamanan nyamuk Aedes aegypti Linnaeus ber-Wolbachia di Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Utari Saraswati — 2023-08-14

Dengue prevention efforts are limited to the control strategies of its vector and the management of breeding sites. New alternatives for dengue vector control that are sustainable and more environmentally friendly are needed to complement the government’s current efforts. Research on Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti Linnaeus mosquitoes as an alternative biocontrol strategy has been performed in Yogyakarta City. However, one of the concerns of the community members and stakeholders about this technology is the safety aspect regarding the transmission of Wolbachia to other species and the possibility that humans will contract Wolbachia. This study aimed to address these concerns, namely to find out whether horizontal transmission of Wolbachia occurred from A. aegypti that were released to other species and whether residents living in the released areas were infected with Wolbachia. The research was conducted in Dusun Nogotirto and Dusun Kronggahan (Sleman Regency), as well as in Dusun Jomblangan and Dusun Singosaren (Bantul Regency), Yogyakarta Special Province. Wolbachia qPCR screening using the target gene WD0513 was performed on 922 Culex quinquefasciatus Say and 331 Aedes albopictus (Skuse). ELISA test was carried out on 190 pairs of plasma samples, namely the sample before the Wolbachia frequency was established (still <80%) and the sample after it was established (>80%). The results showed no evidence of Wolbachia transfer from Wolbachia-infected A. aegypti to other mosquito species coexisting in the same habitat or to humans. This study corroborates the safety evidence of Wolbachia-infected A. aegypti technology as an alternative to control dengue virus transmission

Mating disruption technology: An innovative tool for managing yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Walker) of rice in Indonesia

Muhamad Iqbal — 2023-08-14

Yellow stem borer (YSB) of rice, Scirpophaga incertulas Walker, causes significant damage to rice production in Indonesia. YSB management largely depends on insecticide applications and alternative management practices are very few and impractical. Pheromone-mediated mating disruption (MD) is a new way to manage YSB while reducing dependence on conventional insecticides. Pheron^™ RSB is an low-density polyethylene (LDPE) MD dispenser, containing 1.25 g of a four-way blended insect sex pheromone components - Z11-Hexadecenal, Z9-Hexadecenal, Z13-Octadecenal, Z9-Octadecenal in a ratio of 75, 8.6, 9.4, and 7 respectively. The objective is to evaluate MD by Pheron™ RSB as a tool for season-long management of YSB. Dispensers were applied at a rate of 20 dispensers/ha in a minimum area of 4 ha. We conducted these trials at 74 locations, non-replicated, across Java, in the wet and dry seasons of 2020–2021 where YSB are endemic and problematic. Efficacy of MD in pheromone foundational practice (PFP) was compared to conventional grower practice (CGP). Trap reduction, a measure of MD was significantly higher (>70%) in PFP as compared to CGP. A major benefit of MD is reduction in damage. Significantly lower damage to rice tillers (40–46%) was seen in PFP compared to CGP. Lower damage in PFP likely protected yield by 0.43 to 0.76 ton/ha compared to CGP. Compared to PFP, CGP required 40–56% higher insecticide applications to manage YSB. Pheron^™ RSB provided season-long MD and proved to be a powerful tool for integrated management of YSB.

Variasi perilaku mencari makan pada semut rangrang Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius) pada habitat yang berbeda

Rezki Rezki — 2023-08-24

Weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricus)) are carnivorous insects and play a role as biocontrol agents in urban habitats. This study aims to analyze the foraging behavior of O. smaragdina in two different habitats, namely urban and non-urban. The two locations are characterized by differences in the intensity of human interaction and the distance between the trees and the tree canopy. The behavioral observation method uses all sampling events with five behavioral categories: lurking (M1), approaching (M2), carrying (M3), communicating between ants in a colony (K1), and competition with other ants (K2). We tested three different types of feed: chick scraps, Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus larvae, and sugar. The results showed that there were three sequences of foraging behavior in urban areas, namely: (1) M1, M2, K1, M3, (2) M1, M2, K1, M3, K2, and (3) M1, M2, K2, M3. Meanwhile, there is only one pattern in non-urban areas, namely M1, M2, M3. Approaching food (M2) and lurking food (M1) were the dominant responses of O. smaragdina in urban and non-urban areas. In urban areas, broiler chickens were the type of feed most approached by ants, followed by sugar and beetle larvae. O. smaragdina in non-urban areas also preferred chicken pieces as feed compared to the others, but only one individual O. smaragdina approached (M2) chicken pieces and none approached the others. Foraging ants are more active at high temperature and low humidity, compared to low temperature and high humidity. Therefore, the foraging behavior of O. smaragdina is influenced by habitat factors.

Analisis filogenetik Hyposidra talaca nucleopolyhedrovirus (HytaNPV) yang diisolasi dari perkebunan teh Gunung Mas, Bogor, Jawa Barat dan virulensinya terhadap Hyposidra talaca Walker

R. Yayi Munara Kusumah — 2023-09-11

Hyposidra talaca (Walker) is an important pest of tea plant. H. talaca can cause losses of between 40–100% in the dry season if proper control is not carried out. H. talaca has natural enemies such as predators, parasitoids, and pathogens. One of the entomopathogens is NPV. This study aims to obtain molecular characteristics through DNA polymerase sequences and determine the virulence level of NPV isolates from H. talaca. The same species from different locations can have genetic variability. Therefore, molecular characterization by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on DNA polymerase sequences is one way to study the genetics of HytaNPV. NPV was isolated from infected H. talaca larvae collected from the field. The DNA isolates were used as templates for PCR for DNA polymerase gene amplification with an amplicon target of ±1,000 bp. A sequencing process followed the PCR provides nucleotide sequence. HytaNPV DNA polymerase sequencing results were aligned with GenBank’s BLAST data to provide information on the relationship of HytaNPV to NPVs isolated from other regions. Based on molecular character analysis using DNA polymerase gene sequence, HytaNPV Bogor has a homology level of 93.9% with HytaNPV isolated from India. HytaNPV Bogor has a genetic relationship with the NPV that infects Buzura suppressaria from China and Australia. HytaNPV Bogor is similar to the NPV that infects H. talaca from India. The bioassay of HytaNPV isolate against H. talaca showed the highest LT₅₀ value of 1.92 days was found in concentration of 1.58 x 107 POBs/ml in second instar larvae.

Potensi reproduksi dan morfometri lalat tentara hitam, Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) yang dipelihara pada kotoran ayam dan kotoran domba

Ucu Julita — 2023-09-14

Livestock manure such as chicken and sheep manures causes environmental problems such as odor pollution and pathogens found in livestock manure are harmful to animal and human health. The black soldier fly (BSF) have the ability to convert various types of organic waste effectively including livestock manure. Information on the reproductive potential and morphometry of BSF reared on livestock manure is still lack, as important data for optimizing the use of BSF to manage livestock manure. This study aims to determine the reproductive potential and morphometry of BSF reared on sheep and chicken manures. This experimental study used completely randomized design with three treatments, consist of chicken manure, sheep manure, and chicken feed as control. The development time, morphometry, mating frequency, and BSF fecundity were assessed. The sheep manure treatment had the highest development time among other treatments. Adult BSF morphometry reared on the chicken feed had the highest morphometric values compared to the chicken manure and the sheep manure. BSF reared on chicken feed had the highest number of mating pairs (44 pairs) compared to those treated with sheep manure (31 pairs) and chicken manure (20 pairs). The highest egg fecundity was found in BSF treated with chicken feed (3,535 eggs). These suggested that chicken manure and sheep manure are suitable as growth media for BSF, while its reproductive potential is lower compared to chicken feed.

Rapid assessments of the rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) outbreak in Semarang District, Central Java: Effects of farmers’ low KAP

Hermanu Triwidodo — 2023-10-16

Rapid assessments on the outbreak of rice brown planthoppers (BPH) (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) were conducted to investigate the status of BPH populations and the causative factors behind the outbreak. These assessments served as the basis for developing a proper action program. The assessments took place in Banyubiru Sub-District, Semarang District covering four villages (Kebondowo, Rowoboni, Tegaron, Kebumen) in December 2013. We analyzed BPH data, along with information about farmers’ practices in managing pests collected through interviews conducted in January 2018 in Indramayu. Additionally, we examined data on the number of BPH-infested areas in Java from 2010 to 2020 and the stock of insecticides in Java in 2021. Simple statistical analyses were carried out. The BPH population had spread throughout Banyubiru and was present in all sampled plots. The average number of BPH eggs ranged from 115.25 to 379.65 per rice hill, while the BPH nymphs and imagoes ranged from 3.42 to 11.87 per rice hill. The relatively low nymphs to imagoes ratio might be influenced by the high BPH predator populations, which ranged from three to six individuals per rice hill. Suspected causes of BPH resistance and resurgence included the application of banned and improper insecticides, as well as the repeated use of the same insecticide active ingredients for an extended period. It is recommended to discontinue the mass spraying of insecticides to prevent further plant damage. In 2022, the Pest Control Movement has suggested replacing chemical insecticides with biological or natural pesticides. Intensive extension programs are strongly needed.