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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="1.3" article-type="research-article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2089-0257</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2089-0257</issn><issn pub-type="ppub">1829-7722</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Perhimpunan Entomologi Indonesia</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5994/jei.21.3.247</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>PENDAHULUAN</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>BAHAN DAN METODE</subject><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Lokasi penelitian</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>Koleksi dan pengamatan tingkat serangan</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>Pemeliharaan inang dan identifikasi parasitoid</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>Penentuan dan karakterisasi lanskap</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>Pengukuran elevasi setiap lahan</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>Analisis data</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>HASIL</subject><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Komposisi lanskap pertanian dalam radius 300 m dari lahan jagung di Bogor</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>Pengaruh komposisi lanskap terhadap kelimpahan larva, tingkat serangan, kelimpahan parasitoid dan parasitisme</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>Pengaruh komposisi lanskap terhadap kelimpahan dan tingkat serangan</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>PEMBAHASAN</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>KESIMPULAN</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Pengaruh komposisi lanskap pertanian terhadap kelimpahan, tingkat serangan, dan parasitisme Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith)</article-title><subtitle>Effect of agricultural landscape composition on abundance, attack rate, and parasitism of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith</subtitle></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sataral</surname><given-names>Mihwan</given-names></name><address><country>Indonesia</country><email>sataralmihwan@apps.ipb.ac.id</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tawakkal</surname><given-names>Muhammad Iqbal</given-names></name><address><country>Indonesia</country><email>Itawakkal35@ymail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Winasa</surname><given-names>I Wayan</given-names></name><address><country>Indonesia</country><email>iwwinasa@apps.ipb.ac.id</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Triwidodo</surname><given-names>Hermanu</given-names></name><address><country>Indonesia</country><email>hermanutr@apps.ipb.ac.id</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rizali</surname><given-names>Akhmad</given-names></name><address><country>Indonesia</country><email>arizali@ub.ac.id</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Buchori</surname><given-names>Damayanti</given-names></name><address><country>Indonesia</country><email>damayanti@apps.ipb.ac.id</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF-3"/></contrib><aff id="AFF-1">Departemen Proteksi Tanaman, Fakultas Pertanian, IPB University, Indonesia</aff><aff id="AFF-2">Departemen Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia</aff><aff id="AFF-3">Departemen Proteksi Tanaman, Fakultas Pertanian, IPB University, Indonesia; Center for Transdisciplinary and Sustainability Science (CTSS), IPB University, Indonesia</aff></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6710-3157</contrib-id><name><surname>Nurkomar</surname><given-names>Ihsan</given-names></name><address><country>Indonesia</country><email>ihsan.dpt46@gmail.com</email></address></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>247</fpage><lpage>264</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-12-29"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-7-31"><day>31</day><month>7</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright (c) 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Mihwan Sataral, Muhammad Iqbal Tawakkal, I Wayan Winasa, Hermanu Triwidodo, Akhmad Rizali, Damayanti Buchori</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://jurnal.pei-pusat.org/index.php/jei/article/view/846" xlink:title="Pengaruh komposisi lanskap pertanian terhadap kelimpahan, tingkat serangan, dan parasitisme Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith)">Pengaruh komposisi lanskap pertanian terhadap kelimpahan, tingkat serangan, dan parasitisme Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith)</self-uri><abstract><p>Pengelolaan lanskap dalam suatu agroekosistem merupakan bagian dari pendekatan ekologi yang bertujuan untuk melestarikan kontrol biologis untuk menekan kelimpahan hama dan kerusakan tanaman. Penelitian ini menyelidiki bagaimana komposisi lanskap pertanian mempengaruhi kelimpahan dan tingkat serangan <italic>Spodoptera frugiperda</italic> serta kelimpahan dan tingkat parasitisme parasitoidnya. Penelitian ini menilai karakteristik lanskap di ladang jagung di sekitar Bogor, termasuk kelas area (CA) dan jumlah petak (NP) habitat pertanian dan semi-alami. <italic>Buffering</italic> dengan radius 300 meter digunakan untuk mengevaluasi fitur-fitur ini. Telur dan larva <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> yang dikoleksi dan dipelihara di laboratorium diamati perkembangannya baik terparasit maupun tidak. Pengaruh komposisi lanskap terhadap kelimpahan, tingkat serangan, dan parasitisme <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> dianalisis menggunakan <italic>generalized linear models</italic>. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi lanskap memengaruhi kelimpahan dan tingkat serangan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>, namun tidak berpengaruh terhadap kelimpahan dan tingkat parasitisasi parasitoid. Peningkatan CA pertanian dapat meningkatkan kelimpahan larva <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>. Selain itu, peningkatan NP dan CA habitat semi-alami dapat menurunkan tingkat serangan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>. Elevasi lahan pertanaman jagung juga menunjukkan pengaruh negatif terhadap kelimpahan parasitoid dan parasitisasi larva, sedangkan umur tanaman jagung berpengaruh positif terhadap kelimpahan dan serangan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>. Temuan ini menyoroti pentingnya komposisi lanskap, terutama keberadaan habitat semi-alami, dalam pengelolaan hama secara efektif. Pendekatan ekologi ini memberikan wawasan yang berharga untuk strategi pengendalian hama berkelanjutan dalam praktik pertanian<italic>.</italic></p><sec><title>Abstract:</title><p>Landscape management in an agroecosystem is part of an ecological approach aimed at conserving biological control to suppress the abundance of pests and crop damage. This study investigates how agricultural landscape composition influences the abundance and attack rates of <italic>Spodoptera frugiperda</italic> and its parasitoids’ abundance and parasitism rates. The research assessed landscape characteristics in maize fields around Bogor, including class area (CA) and the number of patches (NP) of agricultural and semi-natural habitats. A 300-meter radius buffer was used to evaluate these features. Eggs and larvae of <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> were collected and reared in the laboratory to observe their parasitized and non-parasitized development. The influence of landscape composition on the abundance, attack rate, and parasitism of <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> was analyzed using generalized linear models. The results indicate that landscape composition affects the abundance and attack rate of S. frugiperda and influences the abundance and parasitism rate of parasitoids. Increasing the agricultural class area can increase the abundance of <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> larvae. In addition, increasing the NP and CA of semi-natural habitats can reduce the infestation rate of <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>. The elevation of maize areas also shows an influence on the abundance of parasitoids and the parasitism of larvae. In contrast, the age of the maize affects the abundance and attack of <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>. These findings highlight the importance of landscape composition, particularly the presence of semi-natural habitats, in managing pest populations effectively. This ecological approach offers valuable insights for sustainable pest control strategies in agricultural practices.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>agens pengendali hayati</kwd><kwd>penekanan hama</kwd><kwd>skala lanskap</kwd><kwd>ulat grayak</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>File created by Jats Editor</meta-name><meta-value><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://jatseditor.com" xlink:title="JATS Editor">JATS Editor</ext-link></meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>PENDAHULUAN</title><p><italic>Spodoptera frugiperda</italic> (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) merupakan spesies hama invasif baru di Indonesia, dilaporkan pertama kali pada tahun 2019 di daerah Pasaman Barat, Sumatera Barat <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-38">(Nonci et al., 2019)</xref>, kemudian ditahun yang sama juga ditemukan di daerah Lampung <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-64">(Trisyono et al., 2019)</xref>, Sumatera Barat, Banten, dan Jawa Barat <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-54">(Sartiami et al., 2020)</xref>. Saat ini,<italic> S. frugiperda</italic> telah menyebar ke berbagai wilayah di Indonesia, yakni Sumatera Selatan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-23">(Herlinda et al., 2021)</xref>, Yogyakarta <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-40">(Nurkomar et al., 2021)</xref>, Jawa Timur <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-49">(Rizali et al., 2021)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-1">(Afandhi et al., 2022)</xref>, Lombok <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-58">(Supeno et al., 2021)</xref>, Bali <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-57">(Supartha et al., 2021)</xref>, Nusa Tenggara Timur <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-36">(Mukkun et al., 2021)</xref>, dan Sulawesi <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-69">(Vebryanti et al., 2023)</xref>. Hama ini mampu hidup dengan baik pada tanaman jagung dan mampu beradaptasi di habitat barunya sehingga dapat mengancam keberhasilan hasil tanaman jagung <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-24">(Hutasoit et al., 2020)</xref>. Selain tanaman jagung, larva <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> juga menyerang beberapa tanaman pangan lainnya, yakni padi, ubi kayu, ubi jalar, dan kacang tanah <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-22">(Herlinda et al., 2022)</xref>di Indonesia. Larva <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> menyerang tanaman jagung dengan rata-rata 1,26–3 individu/tanaman dan persentase rata-rata serangan 60,12– 87,05% <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-27">(Kalqutny et al., 2021)</xref>.</p><p>Pengendalian <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> di Indonesia umumnya menggunakan insektisida sintetik <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-59">(Susanto et al., 2021)</xref>. Namun, pengendalian kimiawi dilaporkan tidak efektif karena insektisida yang digunakan tidak cocok untuk<italic> S. frugiperda </italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-36">(Mukkun et al., 2021)</xref>. Selain itu, penggunaan insektisida sintetis yang berlebihan dapat memicu resistensi <italic>S. frugiperda </italic>dengan cepat <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-77">(Zhang et al., 2021)</xref>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-49">(Rizali et al., 2021)</xref> melaporkan bahwa peningkatan aplikasi pestisida dapat meningkatkan intensitas serangan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> pada tanaman jagung. Oleh karena itu, perlu dikembangkan strategi pengelolaan yang lebih berkelanjutan untuk mengendalikan hama ini salah satunya, yakni pengelolaan lanskap.</p><p>Intensifikasi pertanian dapat mengubah komposisi dan struktur lanskap <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-79">(Zhao et al., 2015)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-6">(Aune et al., 2018)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-68">(Ulina et al., 2019)</xref> sehingga berdampak pada perubahan proses ekologi <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-31">(Landis, 2017)</xref>yang mengatur pengendalian populasi hama <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-11">(Brévault &amp; Clouvel, 2019)</xref>. Manfaat dari komposisi lanskap yang beragam dapat mengurangi kepadatan hama dan tingkat kerusakan yang ditimbulkan sehingga meningkatkan hasil panen <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-7">(Bianchi et al., 2006)</xref>. Namun, diversifikasi lanskap juga tidak selalu menjamin untuk mengurangi hama atau meningkatkan hasil tanaman <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-44">(K. et al., 2008)</xref>. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan keheterogenan lanskap secara positif memengaruhi penekanan hama <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-17">(Gardiner et al., 2009)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-42">(Perez-Alvarez et al., 2019)</xref>, namun pengaruh keheterogenan lanskap terhadap layanan pengendalian hama tidak selalu mengarah pada pengendalian populasi hama yang efektif dalam agroekosistem <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-12">(Chaplin-Kramer et al., 2011)</xref>.</p><p>Komposisi lanskap memainkan peran kunci dalam menentukan penyebaran serangga hama dan musuh alami di lanskap pertanian <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-70">(Veres et al., 2013)</xref>. Komposisi lanskap dengan tingkat heterogenitas yang tinggi telah diketahui dapat meningkatkan populasi musuh alami, yang akhirnya membantu menekan populasi hama <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-78">(Zhang et al., 2020)</xref>. Namun, pengaruh dari komposisi lanskap terhadap musuh alami dan penekanan hama terkadang tidak konsisten <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-28">(Karp et al., 2018)</xref>. Sebuah studi menjelaskan pengaruh komposisi lanskap memengaruhi taksa tertentu dari musuh alami dan efek konfigurasi lebih besar daripada efek komposisi <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-33">(Martin et al., 2016)</xref>. Hasil studi <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-41">(Perez-Alvarez et al., 2018)</xref> menjelaskan bahwa hama Lepidoptera pada pertanaman kubis kurang melimpah di lanskap dengan <italic>class area </italic>habitat semi-alami yang tinggi, namun berbeda untuk hama kutu daun yang cenderung meningkat ketika <italic>class area</italic> habitat semi-alami meningkat. Hasil ini menggambarkan bagaimana spesies hama yang berbeda dalam sistem pertanian yang sama memiliki respons berbeda terhadap komposisi lanskap. Dalam beberapa kasus, kedekatan lahan pertanian dengan habitat semi-alami juga dapat menghambat penekanan hama, ketika musuh alami beradaptasi dengan kondisi lahan pertanian yang luas <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-5">(Aristizábal &amp; Metzger, 2019)</xref>.</p><p>Secara khusus, melestarikan dan memulihkan habitat semi-alami muncul sebagai langkah pertama yang mendasar untuk memelihara dan meningkatkan layanan pengendalian hama <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-51">(Rusch et al., 2016)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-3">(Alignier et al., 2014)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-26">(Jordon et al., 2022)</xref>, termasuk pengendalian hama <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-21">(Harrison et al., 2019)</xref>. Namun, terkadang hama eksotik termasuk <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> mendapatkan manfaat yang lebih besar dari habitat semi-alami, yaitu makanan alternatif, tempat berlindung, dan tempat bersarang daripada penekanan hama yang ditimbulkan oleh peningkatan komunitas musuh alami <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-66">(Tscharntke et al., 2016)</xref>. Beberapa  penelitian mengenai <italic>S. frguiperda</italic> sebelumnya mengkaji distribusi dan kerusakan pada tanaman jagung tanpa melihat efek dari lanskap <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-64">(Trisyono et al., 2019)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-24">(Hutasoit et al., 2020)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-57">(Supartha et al., 2021)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-37">(Nelly et al., 2021)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-27">(Kalqutny et al., 2021)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-40">(Nurkomar et al., 2021)</xref>. Studi mengenai hubungan komposisi lanskap dengan kelimpahan populasi dan penekanan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> di Indonesia masih jarang dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh komposisi lanskap pertanian terhadap kelimpahan dan tingkat serangan hama <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> pada waktu  yang berbeda serta kelimpahan parasitoid dan tingkat parasitisasinya pada pertanaman jagung.</p></sec><sec><title>BAHAN DAN METODE</title><sec><title>Lokasi penelitian</title><p>Pengambilan sampel <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> dilakukan pada bulan Juli–September 2020 dan April–Juni 2022 di lahan tanaman jagung yang berada di Bogor, yakni Kemang, Cijeruk, Tamansari, Leuwisadeng, Pamijahan, Tenjolaya, Situgede, Ciherang, Petir, Dramaga, Cibereum, Sukawening, Sukajaya, Sukaresmi, Ciaruteun Udik, Laladon, Ciomas, Cihideung Ilir, dan Cibening (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figure-1">Figure 1</xref>). Lokasi studi memiliki variasi dalam hal elevasi (153–604 m dpl), dengan komposisi lanskap yang bervariasi. Luas lahan jagung yang dipilih manjadi lokasi studi memiliki luas minimum 0,25 ha.</p></sec><sec><title>Koleksi dan pengamatan tingkat serangan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic></title><p>Pengambilan sampel <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> pada tahun 2020 dilakukan pada lahan pertanaman jagung berumur 3 dan 4 minggu setelah tanam (MST), dan pada tahun 2022, yakni 2–6 MST dengan cara pengambilan langsung (<italic>hand collecting</italic>). Sampel <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> yang dikoleksi, yakni pada stadium telur dan larva, dan dihitung jumlah individunya. Pengamatan persentase tingkat serangan <italic>S. frugiperda </italic>dilakukan dengan mengamati 200 tanaman pada masing-masing lahan, dengan luas plot pengamatan ± 500 m<sup>2</sup>. Persentase tingkat serangan dihitung berdasarkan jumlah tanaman yang diserang terhadap jumlah tanaman yang diamati merujuk pada <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-55">(Sisay et al., 2019)</xref> dengan rumus:</p><p><inline-formula><tex-math id="math-1"><![CDATA[ \documentclass{article} \usepackage{amsmath} \begin{document} \displaystyle \text{Tingkat serangan} = \frac{\text{Jumlah tanaman terserang}}{\text{Jumlah tanaman diamati}} \times 100\% \end{document} ]]></tex-math></inline-formula></p></sec><sec><title>Pemeliharaan inang dan identifikasi parasitoid </title><p>Hama <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> yang dikoleksi dari lapangan pada tahun 2020, untuk stadia telur dipindahkan dalam tabung gelas, sedangkan untuk larva dipindahkan dalam <italic>cup</italic> plastik untuk dilakukan pemeliharaan. Larva yang dipelihara diberi pakan jagung muda setiap hari. Pengamatan dilakukan setiap hari untuk mengamati parasitoid yang keluar dari telur dan larva. Parasitoid yang keluar kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam <italic>tube</italic> 1,5 ml yang berisi alkohol 70%, kemudian diberi label sesuai label hama yang dikoleksi di lapangan. Parasitoid yang keluar dari hama yang dipelihara dihitung jumlah individunya. Tahun 2022 tidak dilakukan koleksi dan pemeliharaan sampel telur <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>. Proses identifikasi parasitoid berdasarkan karakter morfologi, merujuk pada referensi <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-15">(C.S.I.R.O., 1991)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-20">(Goulet &amp; Huber, 1993)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-72">(Whitfield, 1997)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-52">(Dos et al., 2019)</xref> dan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-16">(Fernandez-Triana et al., 2020)</xref>. Tingkat parasitisasi dihitung berdasarkan fase inang parasitoid. Tingkat parasitisasi dihitung merujuk pada <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-29">(Keerthi et al., 2023)</xref> dengan rumus:</p><p><inline-formula><tex-math id="math-2"><![CDATA[ \documentclass{article} \usepackage{amsmath} \begin{document} \displaystyle \% \text{ Tingkat parasitisasi} = \frac{\text{Jumlah inang terparasit}}{\text{Jumlah inang diamati}} \times 100\% \end{document} ]]></tex-math></inline-formula></p><fig id="figure-1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Sebaran lokasi sampling Spodoptera frugiperda di lahan pertanaman jagung daerah Bogor. Titik warna merah merupakan titik pengamatan pada tahun 2020, sedangkan titik warna kuning merupakan lokasi pengamatan tahun 2022. Kode lokasi dapat dilihat pada <xref ref-type="table" rid="table-1">Table 1</xref></p><p>(<italic>Distribution of Spodoptera frugiperda sampling locations in Bogor maize fields. Red points are observation in 2020, while yellow points are observation in 2022. The location code can be seen in </italic><xref ref-type="table" rid="table-1">Table 1</xref>)</p></caption><p>Pengaruh komposisi lanskap pertanian terhadap kelimpahan, tingkat serangan, dan parasitisme <italic>S. frugiperda</italic></p><graphic xlink:href="https://jurnal.pei-pusat.org/index.php/jei/article/download/846/596/7713" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="png"><alt-text>Image</alt-text></graphic></fig></sec><sec><title>Penentuan dan karakterisasi lanskap</title><p>Penentuan komposisi lanskap menggunakan data citra satelit Sentinel-2 yang telah melalui proses koreksi <italic>radiometric</italic> dan <italic>geometric</italic> sehingga menjadi tipe <italic>surface reflectance.</italic> Citra Sentinel-2 didownload menggunakan platform komputasi awan <italic>Google Earth Engine</italic>/GEE dengan bahasa pemrograman <italic>JavaScript</italic>. Rentang waktu akuisisi citra disesuaikan dengan waktu koleksi sampel, yakni bulan Juli–September 2020 dan April–Juni 2022. Citra Sentinel-2 yang dipilih merupakan citra dengan nilai digital number median dan memiliki tingkat keawanan &lt;20%. <italic>Area of interest</italic> (AOI) yang dipakai berbentuk <italic>rectangle</italic> dengan cakupan wilayah Kabupaten Bogor dan sekitarnya. Band yang dipakai sebagai input klasifikasi adalah kombinasi band asli antara lain band 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8A, 11 dan 12 12 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-45">(Qiu et al., 2017)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-2">(Ali et al., 2022)</xref> (Lampiran 1).</p><p>Klasifikasi penggunaan lahan dibagi tujuh kelas, yaitu lahan terbangun, badan air, pepohonan, sawah, pertanian lahan kering, semak, dan lahan  kosong. Sebanyak 1.181 sampel<italic> training</italic> dan 293 sampel validasi dibuat untuk klasifikasi penggunaan lahan pada periode bulan Juli–September 2020, menggunakan algoritme <italic>machine learning</italic>, yakni <italic>random forest</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-10">(Breiman, 2001)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-18">(Gislason et al., 2006)</xref>, dengan nilai <italic>overall accuracy</italic> 92% dan koefisien kappa 0,87. Periode April–Juni 2022 dibuat sampel<italic> training</italic> sebanyak 1.328 dan 336 sampel validasi, dengan nilai <italic>overall accuracy</italic> 94% dan koefisien kappa 0,91. Hasil klasifikasi dari platform GEE dalam fomat GeoTIFF selanjutnya diinput ke <italic>software</italic> Arcgis 10.5 untuk menganalisis komposisi lanskap dengan melakukan <italic>buffering</italic> pada area di dalam radius 300 m dari titik tengah petakan jagung <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-9">(Bouzar-Essaidi et al., 2021)</xref>. Parameter lanskap yang digunakan adalah <italic>class area</italic> (CA), yakni total luas habitat dalam lanskap (ha) dan jumlah <italic>patch</italic>/fragmen (NP) dari lahan pertanian (meliputi sawah dan pertanian lahan kering) dan habitat semi-alami (meliputi semak dan pepohonan).</p></sec><sec><title>Pengukuran elevasi setiap lahan</title><p>Pengukuran elevasi masing-masing lokasi sampling dilakukan dengan menggunakan aplikasi GPS status yang tersedia pada ponsel pintar android. Untuk mengurangi tingkat kesalahan, data elevasi dicatat pada saat akurasi kurang dari 4 meter.</p></sec><sec><title>Analisis data</title><p>Untuk mengetahui pengaruh komposisi lanskap, elevasi, dan umur tanaman jagung terhadap kelimpahan dan persentase tingkat serangan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> serta kelimpahan parasitoid dan tingkat parasitisasi dianalisis menggunakan <italic>generalized linear models</italic> (GLM) dan menggunakan <italic>quasipoisson</italic> untuk menghindari overdispersi. Jumlah <italic>patch</italic> lahan pertanian (NP pertanian), jumlah <italic>patch</italic> semi-alami (NP semi-alami), <italic>class area </italic>lahan pertanian (CA pertanian) dan <italic>class area</italic> semi-alami (CA semi-alami), elevasi, dan umur tanaman jagung sebagai prediktor. Data dianalisis menggunakan fungsi <italic>glm</italic> pada <italic>software </italic>R statistic versi 4.3.0 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-46">(Team, 2024)</xref>.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>HASIL</title><sec><title>Komposisi lanskap pertanian dalam radius 300 m dari lahan jagung di Bogor</title><p>Komposisi lanskap pertanian yang mengelilingi lahan tanaman jagung dalam radius 300 m di 21 lokasi di Bogor pada tahun 2020 didominasi oleh habitat semi-alami (37,63%) dengan luas area (<italic>class area</italic>/CA semi-alami) berkisar 4,34 ha/(15%, di Tenjolaya A) sampai 20,50 ha (73%, di Pamijahan B) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table-1">Table 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figure-2">Figure 2</xref>). Sementara luas area lahan pertanian (CA pertanian) berkisar 1,67 ha (6%, di Tamansari B) sampai 20,17 ha (71%, di Tenjolaya A). Berbeda dengan 15 lokasi pada tahun 2022 yang didominasi oleh CA pertanian (34,28%) dengan luas berkisar 2,02 ha (7%, di Dramaga D) sampai 14,78 ha (52%, di Sukaresmi). Sementara CA semi-alami berkisar 0,60 ha (2%, di Ciomas) sampai 18,10 ha (64%, di Petir B) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table-1">Table 1</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Pengaruh komposisi lanskap terhadap kelimpahan larva, tingkat serangan, kelimpahan parasitoid dan parasitisme <italic>S. frugiperda </italic>pada pertanaman jagung di Bogor</title><p>Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tahun 2020 diperoleh kelimpahan larva <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> bervariasi pada setiap lokasi per luas lahan pengamatan. Beberapa lokasi yang memiliki kelimpahan larva tinggi (di atas 140 individu), yakni Pamijahan C, Cijeruk C, Tenjolaya B, Cijeruk B, dan Cijeruk A. Tingkat serangan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> tinggi (di atas 50%) ditemukan di lokasi Cijeruk A, Cijeruk B, dan Cijeruk C.</p><p>Penelitian di tahun 2020 juga menemukan parasitoid yang memarasit <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> yang terdiri atas tiga parasitoid telur (<italic>Telenomus dignoides Nixon, T. remus Nixon, dan Trichogramma chilotraeae </italic>Nigaraja &amp; Nagarkatti) dan empat parasitoid larva (<italic>Apanteles </italic>sp., <italic>Charops </italic>sp., <italic>Euplectrus </italic>sp., dan <italic>Microplitis</italic> sp.). Parasitoid telur hanya ditemukan pada tujuh lokasi dengan jumlah individu berkisar 52 sampai 284 individu dan tingkat parasitisasi berkisar 23,09% sampai 96,30%. Sementara parasitoid larva ditemukan pada lima belas lokasi dengan jumlah individu dan tingkat parasitisasi berkisar 1 individu (0,65%) sampai 189 individu (137,96%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table-3">Table 2</xref>).</p><p>Hasil analisis GLM menunjukkan bahwa komposisi lanskap memengaruhi kelimpahan dan tingkat serangan larva<italic> S. frugiperda</italic>, khususnya CA dan NP Pertanian serta NP semi-alami. Peningkatan CA pertanian menyebabkan peningkatan kelimpahan larva (P = 0,024), sedangkan peningkatan NP pertanian dapat menurunkan kelimpahan larva (P = 0,080). Peningkatan NP semi-alami menurunkan tingkat serangan (P = 0,078) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table-4">Table 3</xref>). Selain itu, umur jagung juga memengaruhi kelimpahan dan tingkat serangan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>. Bertambahnya umur jagung secara signifikan meningkatkan kelimpahan dan tingkat serangan (P = 0,080).</p><table-wrap id="table-1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Komposisi lanskap di lokasi studi,<italic> class area</italic> habitat semi-alami (CA semi-alami), class area pertanian (CA pertanian), jumlah<italic> patch</italic> habitat semi-alami (NP semi-alami) dan jumlah <italic>patch </italic>pertanian (NP pertanian)</p><p>(Landscape composition of the study site, class area of semi-natural (CA semi-natural), class area of agricultural (CA agricultural), patches number of semi-natural (NP semi-natural, and patches number of agricultural (NP agricultural))</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="" align="left" valign="middle"><p>Lokasi (<italic>Location</italic>)</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>Kode Lokasi (<italic>Location code</italic>)</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="" align="center" valign="middle">Tahun (<italic>Year</italic>)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>Elevasi (m dpl) (<italic>Elevation</italic>)</p></th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>Habitat semi-alami (<italic>Semi-natural habitat</italic>) (ha)</p></th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle">Pertanian (<italic>Agricultural</italic>)(ha)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>CA</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">NP</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>CA</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">NP</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Kemang_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>KM_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>153</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>8,02</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">20</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">10,23</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">34</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Kemang_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>KM_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>158</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>10,26</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">20</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4,91</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">14</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Kemang_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>KM_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>157</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>10,31</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">22</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>6,87</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">23</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Cijeruk_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>CJ_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>541</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>6,43</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">15</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>7,68</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">18</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Cijeruk_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>CJ_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>481</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>12,92</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">21</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>8,00</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">27</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Cijeruk_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>CJ_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>449</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>17,91</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">34</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>3,68</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">21</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Tamansari_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>TS_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>582</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>15,78</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">24</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>3,60</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">16</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Tamansari_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>TS_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>466</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>15,10</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">15</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>1,67</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">9</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Tamansari_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>TS_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>254</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>9,46</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">24</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4,53</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">14</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Dramaga_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>DR_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>223</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>10,21</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">17</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>7,61</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">26</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Dramaga_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>DR_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>189</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>11,37</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">10</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2,58</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">9</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Dramaga_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>DR_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>257</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>9,91</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">23</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>9,11</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">21</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Leuwisadeng_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>LW_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>227</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>9,17</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">18</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">12,91</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">10</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Leuwisadeng_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>LW_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>211</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>7,34</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">43</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4,46</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">24</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Leuwisadeng_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>LW_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>286</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>9,80</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">19</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>7,78</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">28</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Pamijahan_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>PMJ_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>604</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>7,40</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">12</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">15,24</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">37</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Pamijahan_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>PMJ_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>504</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>20,50</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">20</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>3,95</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">14</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Pamijahan_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>PMJ_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>352</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>9,41</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">23</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">12,25</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">34</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Tenjolaya_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>TJ_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>317</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4,34</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">19</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">20,17</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">31</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Tenjolaya_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>TJ_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>458</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>7,12</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">20</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">12,62</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">42</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Tenjolaya_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>TJ_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>281</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>10,61</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">28</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">11,04</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">33</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Situgede</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>SG</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>194</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>11,82</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">19</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">11,96</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">25</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Ciherang</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>CH</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>210</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>10,21</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">24</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4,17</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">20</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Petir_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>PR_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>283</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>12,63</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">6</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>8,48</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">21</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Petir_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>PR_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>264</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>18,10</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">4</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>9,30</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">24</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Petir_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>PR_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>235</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>11,02</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">9</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">13,83</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">15</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Dramaga_D</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>DR_D</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>208</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>7,73</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">14</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2,02</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">10</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Cibereum</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>CBR</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>198</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>8,24</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">13</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>6,53</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">13</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Sukawening</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>SKW</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>258</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>15,30</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">14</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>5,62</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">13</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Sukajaya</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>SKJ</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>475</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>18,07</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">7</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>5,50</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">13</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Sukaresmi</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>SKR</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>428</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>7,59</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">15</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">14,78</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">25</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Ciaruteum udik</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>CU</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>300</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>6,25</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">25</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">14,13</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">18</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Laladon</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>LL</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>198</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>1,63</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">11</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">13,07</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">31</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Ciomas</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>CM</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>202</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,60</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">14,26</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">27</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Cihideung Ilir</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>CI</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>198</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4,92</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">12</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">14,26</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">22</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Cibening</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>CBN</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>417</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>7,71</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">26</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>6,56</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">21</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>Huruf A, B, C dan D setelah nama lokasi menunjukkan lokasi sampling yang berbeda.</p><p>(The letters A, B, C, and D after the location name indicate different sampling locations.)</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><fig id="figure-2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Komposisi lanskap pada setiap lokasi penelitian.</p><p>(Landscape composition at the study site.)</p></caption><p>Komposisi lanskap pada setiap lokasi penelitian</p><graphic xlink:href="https://jurnal.pei-pusat.org/index.php/jei/article/download/846/596/7712" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="png"><alt-text>Image</alt-text></graphic></fig><p>Hasil analisis GLM juga menunjukkan bahwa komposisi lanskap tidak memengaruhi kelimpahan (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table-5">Table 4</xref>) dan tingkat parasitisasi (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table-6">Table 5</xref>) parasitoid telur dan larva. Walaupun demikian, perbedaan umur tanaman jagung ternyata memengaruhi kelimpahan parasitoid larva (P = 0,047) dan tingkat parasitisasi larva (P = 0,055).</p></sec><sec><title>Pengaruh komposisi lanskap terhadap kelimpahan dan tingkat serangan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> di lahan pertanaman jagung pada tahun berbeda </title><p>Hasil perbandingan penelitian antara tahun 2020 dan 2022 diperoleh bahwa kelimpahan dan tingkat serangan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> menunjukkan perbedaan. Berdasarkan analisis GLM menunjukkan bahwa kelimpahan larva <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> pada tahun 2020 dipengaruhi oleh komposisi lanskap, sedangkan pada tahun 2022 komposisi lanskap tidak memengaruhi kelimpahan larva (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table-7">Table 6</xref>). Selain itu, umur jagung juga mempengaruhi kelimpahan larva <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> baik pada tahun 2020 dan 2022.</p><table-wrap id="table-3"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Kelimpahan  dan  tingkat  serangan  Spodoptera  frugiperda,  kelimpahan  parasitoid,  parasitisasi,  elevasi, umur tanaman jagung dan tahun koleksi di lokasi studi</p><p>(Abundance and infestation of Spodoptera frugiperda, parasitoid abundance, parasitism, altitude, age of maize and collection year at the study site)</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="middle">Lokasi (Location)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle">Jumlah larva <italic>(Number of larval)</italic></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle">Tingkat serangan <italic>(Infestation </italic>(%)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>Jumlah parasitoid telur <italic>(Number of egg parasitoids)</italic></p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>Jumlah parasitoid larva <italic>(Number of larval parasitoid)</italic></p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>Parasitisasi telur <italic>(Parasitization of egg) </italic>(%)</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>Parasitisasi larva <italic>(Parasitization of larval) </italic>(%)</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle">Elevasi <italic>(Altitude) </italic>(m dpl)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle">Umur jagung (Maizeage) (mst)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle">Tahun koleksi <italic>(Year of collection)</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Kemang_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>37</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">35,80</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,00</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,00</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>153</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Kemang_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">111</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">35,80</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,00</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">4,50</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>158</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Kemang_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>116</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">35,80</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">284</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">13</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">76,55</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">11,21</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>157</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Cijeruk_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>145</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">59,50</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,00</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">2,07</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>541</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>3</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Cijeruk_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>155</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">59,50</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">52</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">96,30</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,65</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>481</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>3</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Cijeruk_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>189</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">59,50</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">58</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">95,08</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">2,65</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>449</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>3</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Tamansari_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>72</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">40,00</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,00</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,00</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>582</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Tamansari_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>102</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">40,00</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">4</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,00</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">3,92</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>466</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Tamansari_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>79</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">40,00</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,00</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,00</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>254</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Dramaga_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>79</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">24,70</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">15</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,00</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">18,99</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>223</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Dramaga_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>77</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">24,70</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,00</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">1,30</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>189</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Dramaga_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>61</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">24,70</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">138</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">11</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">93,88</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">18,03</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>257</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Leuwisadeng_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>67</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">37,50</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,00</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,00</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>227</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Leuwisadeng_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>97</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">37,50</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">147</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">36,75</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,00</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>211</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Leuwisadeng_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>76</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">37,50</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">76</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">90,48</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">3,95</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>286</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Pamijahan_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>54</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">41,10</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,00</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">1,85</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>604</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>3</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Pamijahan_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>122</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">41,10</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">9</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,00</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">7,38</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>504</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>3</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Pamijahan_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>191</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">41,10</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">9</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>3,05</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">1,05</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>352</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>3</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Tenjolaya_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>7</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">43,30</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,00</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,00</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>317</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>3</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Tenjolaya_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>166</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">43,30</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">8</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,00</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">4.82</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>458</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>3</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Tenjolaya_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>137</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">43,30</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">106</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">189</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">23,09</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">137,96</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>281</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>3</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2020</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Situgede</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>18</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">35,00</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>194</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>3</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Ciherang</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>79</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">63,75</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>210</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Petir_A</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>66</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">46,25</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>283</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>3</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Petir_B</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>60</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">33,75</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>264</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Petir_C</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>57</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">60,00</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>235</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Dramaga_D</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>59</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">57,50</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>208</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>3</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Cibereum</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>47</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">73,75</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>198</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Sukawening</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>31</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">48,75</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>258</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Sukajaya</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>21</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">17,50</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>475</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>6</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Sukaresmi</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>13</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">11,25</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>428</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>5</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Ciaruteum Udik</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>82</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">80,00</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>300</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Laladon</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>68</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">77,50</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>198</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>5</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Ciomas</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>63</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">67,50</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>202</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>5</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Cihideung Ilir</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>88</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">71,25</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>198</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>3</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Cibening</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>23</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">26,25</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">-</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>417</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>6</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2022</p></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>Huruf A, B, C dan D setelah nama lokasi menunjukkan lokasi sampling yang berbeda.</p><p>(The letters A, B, C, and D after the location name indicate different sampling locations.)</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="table-4"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Analisis generalized linear model hubungan antara komposisi lanskap dengan kelimpahan dan tingkat serangan larva Spodoptera frugiperda berdasarkan data tahun 2020. Taraf signifikan : •P &lt; 0,1; <italic>P &lt; 0,05; </italic>*P &lt; 0,01</p><p>(Generalized linear model analysis of the relationship between landscape composition and abundance and attack rates of Spodoptera frugiperda in collection 2020. Significance level: </p><p>•P &lt; 0,1; P &lt; 0,05; *P &lt; 0,01)</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="" align="left" valign="middle"><p>Variabel (<italic>Variable</italic>)</p></th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>Kelimpahan (<italic>abundance</italic>)</p></th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle">Tingkat serangan (<italic>attack rate</italic>)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>Estimate</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>SE</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>P</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>R2</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>Estimate</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>SE</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>P</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>R2</p></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>(Intercept)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>-3,70e<sup>-02</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,018</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,059</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,71</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>-2,60e<sup>-03</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,016</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,868</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,72</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>CA semi-alami ( <italic>CA semi-natural </italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>3,60e<sup>-04</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,168</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>4,30e<sup>-04</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,125</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>NP semi-alami ( <italic>NP semi-natural </italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>9,70e<sup>-05</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,455</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>-2,70e<sup>-04</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,078•</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>CA pertanian ( <italic>CA agricultural </italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>1,50e<sup>-03</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,001</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,024<italic><sup>*</sup></italic></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>2,20e<sup>-04</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,558</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>NP pertanian ( <italic>NP agricultural </italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>-3,20e<sup>-04</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,080•</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>1,70e<sup>-04</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,270</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Umur jagung ( <italic>Maize age </italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>9,70e<sup>-03</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,003</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,009<italic><sup>**</sup></italic></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>8,20e<sup>-03</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,003</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,010<italic><sup>*</sup></italic></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Elevasi ( <italic>Elevation </italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>1,00e<sup>-05</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,281</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>-1,60e<sup>-05</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>0,105</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"/></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="table-5"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Analisis generalized linear model hubungan antara komposisi lanskap dengan kelimpahan parasitoid telur dan larva Spodoptera frugiperda berdasarkan data tahun 2020. Taraf signifikan: *P &lt; 0,05</p><p>(Generalized linear model analysis of the relationship between landscape composition and parasitoid abundance of Spodoptera frugiperda in collection 2020. Significance level: *P &lt; 0.05)</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="" align="left" valign="middle"><p>Variabel (<italic>Variable</italic>)</p></th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>Parasitoid telur (<italic>Egg parasitoids</italic>)</p></th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle">Parasitoid larva (<italic>Larvae parasitoids</italic>)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>Estimate</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>SE</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>P</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">R2</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>Estimate</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">SE</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>P</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">R2</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>(Intercept)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-17,078</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">16,528</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,320</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,78</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>26,075</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">23,440</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,286</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,93</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>CA semi-alami (<italic>CA semi-natural</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,005</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,003</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,103</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-0,007</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,020</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,728</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>NP semi-alami (<italic>NP semi-natural</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,219</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,306</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,486</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-0,257</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,566</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,657</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>CA pertanian (<italic>CA agricultural</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,435</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,367</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,257</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,164</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,450</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,722</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>NP pertanian (<italic>NP agricultural</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,073</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,091</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,436</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-0,027</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,127</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,833</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Umur jagung (<italic>Maize age</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-0,003</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,006</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,592</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-0,020</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,009</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,047<italic><sup>*</sup></italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Elevasi (<italic>Elevation</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,077</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,089</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,401</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,115</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,140</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,426</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>Hasil analisis GLM juga menunjukkan bahwa tingkat serangan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> pada tahun 2020 dan 2022 juga dipengaruhi oleh komposisi lanskap khususnya CA dan NP semi-alami. Di tahun 2020, NP semi-alami berkorelasi negatif terhadap tingkat serangan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>, sedangkan tahun 2022 CA semi-alami berkorelasi negatif terhadap tingkat serangan (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table-8">Table 7</xref>). Selain itu, pada tahun 2020, umur jagung memengaruhi tingkat serangan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>, sedangkan tahun 2022 elevasi lebih memengaruhi tingkat serangan.</p><table-wrap id="table-6"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Analisis generalized linear model hubungan antara komposisi lanskap dengan tingkat parasitisasi telur dan larva Spodoptera frugiperda berdasarkan data tahun 2020. Taraf signifikan:  •P &lt; 0,01</p><p><italic>(Generalized linear model analysis of the relationship elationship between landscape composition and parasitization rates of S. frugiperda eggs and larvae in collection 2020. Significance level: •P </italic>&lt; 0.01<italic>)</italic></p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="" align="left" valign="middle"><p>Variabel (<italic>Variable</italic>)</p></th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>Parasitisasi telur (<italic>Egg parasitization</italic>)</p></th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">Parasitisasi larva (<italic>Larvae parasitization</italic>)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>Estimate</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">SE</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>P</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">R2</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>Estimate</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>SE</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>P</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">R2</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>(Intercept)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-7,528</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">12,701</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,564</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,22</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>15,552</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>20,141</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,454</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,83</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>CA semi-alami (<italic>CA semi-natural</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,003</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,948</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-0,004</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,016</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,806</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>NP semi-alami (<italic>NP semi-natural</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,050</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,297</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,868</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-0,055</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,454</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,905</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>CA pertanian (<italic>CA agricultural</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,289</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,265</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,295</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,270</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,390</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,500</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>NP pertanian (<italic>NP agricultural</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,065</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,077</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,411</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-0,003</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,109</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,977</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Umur jagung (<italic>Maize age</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-0,002</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,005</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,636</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-0,017</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,008</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,055•</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Elevasi (<italic>Elevation</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,091</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,093</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,349</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,088</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,105</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,415</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="table-7"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Analisis generalized linear model hubungan antara komposisi lanskap dengan kelimpahan larva Spodotera frugiperda berdasarkan data tahun 2020 dan 2022. Taraf signifikan : •P &lt; 0,10; <italic>P &lt; 0,05; </italic>*P &lt; 0,01</p><p>(Generalized linear model analysis of the relationship between landscape composition and abundance of Spodoptera frugiperda in collection 2020 and 2022. Significance level: •P &lt; 0.10; *P &lt; 0.05; **P &lt; 0.01)</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="" align="left" valign="middle">Variabel</th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>Koleksi tahun 2020 <italic>(2020 Collection </italic>)</p></th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">Koleksi tahun 2022 (<italic>2022 Collection</italic>)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>Estimate</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>SE</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>P</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">R<sup>2</sup></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>Estimate</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>SE</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>P</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">R<sup>2</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>(Intercept)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-3,70e<sup>-02</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,018</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,059</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,71</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>5,876</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,726</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,42</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>CA semi-alami (<italic>CA semi-natural</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>3,60e<sup>-04</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,168</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-0,031</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,027</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,246</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>NP semi-alami (<italic>NP semi-natural</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>9,70e<sup>-05</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,455</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-0,015</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,017</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,353</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>CA pertanian (<italic>CA agricultural</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>1,50e<sup>-03</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,001</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,024<italic><sup>*</sup></italic></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-0,025</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,036</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,485</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>NP pertanian (<italic>NP agricultural</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-3,20e<sup>-04</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,080•</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,011</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,024</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,654</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Umur jagung (<italic>Maize age</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>9,70 <sup>-03</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,003</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,009<italic><sup>**</sup></italic></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-0,233</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,130</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,073•</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Elevasi (<italic>Elevation</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>1,00e<sup>-05</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,281</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-0,002</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,002</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,244</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec><title>PEMBAHASAN</title><p>Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa komposisi lanskap memengaruhi kelimpahan larva dan tingkat serangan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>, namun tidak untuk kelimpahan parasitoid larva, kelimpahan parasitoid telur, tingkat parasitisasi larva dan telur <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>. Komposisi lanskap khususnya CA pertanian memiliki efek signifikan terhadap kelimpahan larva <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>, namun tidak untuk tingkat serangan, kelimpahan parasitoid telur dan larva, serta tingkat parasitisasi telur dan larva <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>. Peningkatan CA pertanian berdampak terhadap peningkatan populasi larva <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>. Hasil ini berbeda dengan studi <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-62">(Syahidah et al., 2021)</xref> yang menjelaskan bahwa CA pertanian tidak memiliki efek signifikan terhadap kelimpahan hama Lepidoptera. Hubungan antara kelimpahan hama dan luas lahan tanaman terkadang kurang konsisten <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-50">(Rosenheim et al., 2022)</xref>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-30">(Kennedy &amp; Huseth, 2022)</xref> menjelaskan bahwa spesies hama tertentu dapat merespons secara positif atau negatif atau netral terhadap luas lahan pertanian. Diketahui bahwa <italic>S. frugiperda </italic>memiliki tanaman inang yang cukup luas, yakni jagung, padi, selada, kubis, bayam, mentimun, singkong, kacang tunggak, kacang tanah, alpukat, stroberi, kangkung, ubi jalar, dan terong <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-22">(Herlinda et al., 2022)</xref>, tomat dan cabai <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-75">(Wu et al., 2021)</xref>. Tanaman ini umumnya dibudidayakan di sekitar lahan jagung lokasi penelitian. Hama ini juga diketahui memiliki kemampuan terbang yang cukup tinggi untuk migrasi dalam suatu lanskap pertanian <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-71">(Westbrook et al., 2015)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-34">(Maruthadurai &amp; Ramesh, 2019)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-80">(Zhou et al., 2020)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-13">(Chen et al., 2022)</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="table-8"><label>Table 7</label><caption><p>Analisis generalized linear model hubungan antara komposisi lanskap dengan tingkat serangan larva Spodoptera frugiperda  berdasarkan data tahun 2020 dan 2022. Taraf signifikan :•P &lt; 0,10; <italic>P &lt; 0,05; </italic>*P &lt; 0,01</p><p>(Generalized linear model analysis of the relationship between landscape composition and attack rates of Spodoptera frugiperda  in collection 2020 and 2022. Significance level: •P &lt; 0.10; P &lt; 0.05; *P &lt; 0.01)</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="" align="left" valign="middle"><p>Variabel</p></th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle"><p>Koleksi tahun 2020 <italic>(2020 Collection)</italic></p></th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="middle">Koleksi tahun 2022 (<italic>2022 Collection</italic>)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>Estimate</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>SE</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>P</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">R<sup>2</sup></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>Estimate</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>SE</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>P</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">R<sup>2</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>(Intercept)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-2,60e<sup>-03</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,016</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,868</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,72</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>5,756</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,440</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top">0,64</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>CA semi-alami (<italic>CA seminatural</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>4,30e<sup>-04</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,125</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-0,036</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,016</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,026<italic><sup>*</sup></italic></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>NP semi-alami (<italic>NP seminatural</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-2,70e<sup>-04</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,078•</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,004</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,010</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,721</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>CA pertanian (<italic>CA agricultural</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>2,20e<sup>-04</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,558</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,009</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,022</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,687</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>NP pertanian (<italic>NP agricultural</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>1,70e<sup>-04</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0.270</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-0,021</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,015</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,140</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Umur jagung (<italic>Maize age</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>8,20e<sup>-03</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,003</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,010<italic><sup>*</sup></italic></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-0,058</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,080</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,466</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="left" valign="top"><p>Elevasi (<italic>Elevation</italic>)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-1,60e<sup>-05</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,000</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,105</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>-0,004</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,001</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"><p>0,000<italic><sup>**</sup></italic></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="" align="center" valign="top"/></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>Jumlah <italic>patch </italic>lahan pertanian (NP pertanian) memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap kelimpahan larva, namun tidak untuk tingkat serangan, kelimpahan parasitoid, dan tingkat parasitisasi <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>. Peningkatan NP pertanian dapat menurunkan kelimpahan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>. Hasil ini berbeda dengan studi <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-68">(Ulina et al., 2019)</xref> yang melaporkan bahwa NP pertanian memiliki efek signifikan terhadap hama, dimana peningkatan jumlah <italic>patch </italic>tanaman meningkatkan populasi hama. Selain itu, hasil studi <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-62">(Syahidah et al., 2021)</xref> menunjukkan bahwa jumlah patch tanaman tidak memiliki efek signifikan terhadap kelimpahan hama. Umumnya kondisi di sekitar lahan jagung di lokasi penelitian juga ditanami beberapa jenis tanaman, seperti mentimun, singkong, ubi jalar, tomat dan cabai. Kondisi ini memungkinkan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> terdistribusi di habitat inangnya sekitar lahan jagung. Walaupun secara umum diketahui bahwa lahan tanaman merupakan habitat hama, namun efeknya bisa netral atau negatif terhadap kelimpahan hama dan musuh alami <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-70">(Veres et al., 2013)</xref>sehingga keberadaan hama dan musuh alami di lahan pertanian dapat dipengaruhi oleh habitat non-tanaman di sekitar lahan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-7">(Bianchi et al., 2006)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-65">(Tscharntke et al., 2007)</xref>.</p><p>Jumlah <italic>patch </italic>habitat semi-alami (NP semi-alami) memengaruhi tingkat serangan, namun tidak untuk kelimpahan larva, kelimpahan parasitoid, dan tingkat parasitisasi. Hasil ini berbeda seperti yang dilaporkan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-61">(Syahidah et al., 2020)</xref> bahwa wilayah yang memiliki banyak jumlah <italic>patch</italic> habitat alami, memiliki kelimpahan parasitoid yang tinggi. Hal ini menandakan bahwa jumlah <italic>patch</italic> semi-alami tidak selalu memiliki efek positif terhadap pengendalian hama. Walaupun diketahui bahwa patch semi-alami menyediakan sumberdaya dan tempat berlindung bagi musuh alami <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-66">(Tscharntke et al., 2016)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-35">(McHugh et al., 2020)</xref>, namun habitat semi-alami juga dapat mendukung keberadaan hama <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-70">(Veres et al., 2013)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-32">(Laterza et al., 2023)</xref>. Beberapa spesies parasitoid terkadang tidak memiliki efek terhadap perubahan kualitas habitat termasuk keberadaaan habitat semi-alami <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-19">(González et al., 2022)</xref>. Selain efek netral, habitat semi-alami memiliki efek negatif ketika habitat alami merupakan sumber hama yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan musuh alami sehingga perannya dalam pengendalian hayati kurang efektif <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-66">(Tscharntke et al., 2016)</xref>. Hasil ini dapat manjadi rekomendasi dilakukannya studi lebih lanjut terkait komposisi tumbuhan penyusun <italic>patch</italic> semi-alami tersebut. Selain itu, habitat semi-alami mungkin saja memiliki populasi parasitoid yang cukup tinggi, namun mereka tidak menyebar ke lahan pertanian <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-8">(Blitzer et al., 2012)</xref>. Hal ini mereka lakukan untuk menghindari serangan dari predator <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-67">(Tscharntke et al., 2008)</xref>.</p><p>Umur tanaman jagung berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kelimpahan dan tingkat serangan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>. Umumnya larva <italic>S. frugiperda </italic>cenderung melimpah pada tanaman jagung berumur 2–4 minggu. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-57">(Supartha et al., 2021)</xref> melaporkan populasi imago dan telur <italic>S. frugiperda </italic>ditemukan mencapai puncaknya pada saat tanaman jagung berumur 2 minggu setelah tanam (MST), sedangkan populasi larva mencapai puncaknya pada saat tanaman berusia 4 minggu. Imago umumnya bertelur pada tanaman jagung berumur ± 1 minggu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-64">(Trisyono et al., 2019)</xref>.</p><p>Spesies-spesies parasitoid yang ditemukan memarasit telur dan larva <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> pada penelitian ini, sebelumnya juga telah dilaporkan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-39">(Nurkomar et al., 2024)</xref>. Hasil analisis GLM menunjukkan bahwa kelimpahan spesies parasitoid dan tingkat parasitisasinya tidak dipengaruhi oleh komposisi lanskap. Hasil studi <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-61">(Syahidah et al., 2020)</xref> juga menemukan bahwa luas area habitat alami tidak memengaruhi keanekaragaman parasitoid. Hasil ini berbeda dengan beberapa studi lain yang menjelaskan bahwa keberadaan habitat semi-alami di lanskap pertanian dapat mendorong peningkatan populasi musuh alami <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-73">(Woltz et al., 2012)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-74">(Woltz &amp; Landis, 2014)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-63">(Tabuchi et al., 2014)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-53">(Sarthou et al., 2014)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-4">(Álvarez et al., 2019)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-26">(Jordon et al., 2022)</xref>. Studi ini menjelaskan bahwa tidak selamanya luas tutupan habitat semi-alami berpengaruh positif dalam peningkatan populasi parasitoid. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-43">(Plećaš et al., 2014)</xref> menjelaskan bahwa ketersediaan spesies inang alternatif, tempat berlindung dan sumber makanan tambahan berkontribusi pada efek positif dari habitat semi- alami terhadap parasitoid. Selain itu, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-66">(Tscharntke et al., 2016)</xref> menyatakan bahwa untuk meningkatkan pengendalian hama secara efektif, habitat alami atau semi-alami tidak hanya ditinjau berdasarkan jumlah dan luas tutupannya, tetapi juga jaraknya dengan lahan pertanian. Hasil ini menyoroti bahwa <italic>patch</italic> semi-alami di sekitar lahan tidak selalu berfungsi sebagai sumber parasitoid yang nantinya dapat bermigrasi ke ladang. Oleh karena itu, perlu kajian mendalam mengenai pengaruh komposisi lanskap dengan skala kecil ataupun skala yang lebih luas atau dengan periode waktu yang cukup lama.</p><p>Jika dibandingkan antara pengamatan tahun 2020 dan 2022, menunjukkan bahwa pengamatan tahun 2022, komposisi lanskap tidak berpengaruh terhadap kelimpahan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>. Namun, komposisi lanskap khususnya habitat semi-alami secara konsisten menunjukkan pengaruh baik pada penelitian tahun 2020 maupun tahun 2022, meskipun pada tahun 2020 lebih dipengaruhi oleh NP semi-alami, sedangkan pada tahun 2022 oleh CA semi-alami. Dalam studi ini, keberadaan habitat semi-alami di sekitar ladang jagung dapat menurunkan tingkat serangan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>. Hasil yang sama juga dilaporkan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-26">(Jordon et al., 2022)</xref> bahwa keberadaan habitat semi-alami di sekitar ladang jagung dapat mengurangi kerusakan tanaman jagung akibat serangan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-47">(Rizali et al., 2022)</xref> menjelaskan bahwa proporsi habitat alami di lanskap pertanian berkontribusi dalam mengurangi intensitas serangan hama dengan menjaga kelimpahan musuh alami. Oleh karena itu, upaya mempertahankan keanekaragaman parasitoid untuk pengelolaan pengendalian hayati perlu diperhatikan dengan cara melestarikan habitat semi-alami <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-48">(Rizali et al., 2019)</xref>. Studi ini menambahkan bukti bahwa pemahaman komprehensif tentang komposisi lanskap sangat penting untuk strategi pengendalian hama di lapangan.</p><p>Umur tanaman juga menunjukkan pengaruh signifikan terhadap kelimpahan larva <italic>S. frugiperda </italic>baik pada penelitian tahun 2020 maupun tahun 2022. Temuan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-14">(Clemente-Orta et al., 2020)</xref> menjelaskan bahwa pertumbuhan jagung merupakan faktor penting yang memengaruhi kelimpahan hama di lanskap pertanian. Pada penelitian tahun 2020, umur tanaman jagung memiliki hubungan positif terhadap kelimpahan larva <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>, namun tahun 2022 memiliki hubungan negatif. Pada penelitian tahun 2020, umur tanaman jagung yang diamati, yaitu 3 dan 4 MST, sedangkan pada tahun 2022, umur tanaman jagung yang diamati, yaitu 2 sampai 6 MST. Pada penelitian 2022, kelimpahan larva <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> cenderung sedikit dijumpai pada tanaman jagung berumur 6 minggu. <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> dewasa umumnya mulai bertelur sejak tanaman jagung berumur 1 MST dan mencapai puncaknya pada saat tanaman berumur 2 MST <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-57">(Supartha et al., 2021)</xref> sehingga kondisi ini memungkinkan larva <italic>S. frugipera</italic> mulai melimpah sejak umur tanaman jagung 3 MST, dan mulai menurun ketika tanaman jagung memasuki umur 6 MST <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-56">(Sudihardjo et al., 2023)</xref>.</p><p>Elevasi menunjukkan pengaruh signifikan terhadap tingkat serangan larva <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> pada penelitian tahun 2022, namun tidak pada tahun 2020. Peningkatan elevasi menurunkan tingkat serangan. Hasil yang sama juga dilaporkan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-76">(Wyckhuys &amp; O’Neil, 2006)</xref> bahwa tingkat serangan larva <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> cenderung rendah pada wilayah dataran tinggi. Elevasi memainkan peran penting dalam membentuk ciri-ciri sejarah hidup <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>, dimana perkembangannya diperlambat oleh suhu yang lebih rendah di daerah dataran tinggi <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-60">(Agus et al., 2024)</xref>. Hasil ini berbeda dengan laporan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-49">(Rizali et al., 2021)</xref> bahwa tingkat serangan <italic>S. frugiperda </italic>berkorelasi positif dengan elevasi, meskipun pengaruhnya signifikan marjinal. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="BIBR-25">(Jonsson et al., 2015)</xref> menjelaskan bahwa faktor elevasi tentunya tergantung pada identitas hama di lokasi tersebut. </p><p>Implikasi dari hasil studi ini memberikan informasi terkait implementasi program konservasi musuh alami lokal untuk mengendalikan populasi hama invasif berdasarkan pemahaman tentang proses yang bergantung pada lanskap, yang akan mengurangi dampak negatif intensifikasi pertanian. Untuk itu, kedepannya perlu diperhatikan bagaimana pengelolaan habitat semi-alami di lanskap pertanian agar lebih efektif dalam upaya pengendalian hama. Studi ini menunjukkan pentingnya kehadiran habitat semi-alami di sekitar lanskap pertanian untuk mengurangi dampak infestasi hama. Hasil dari penelitian ini memungkinkan untuk implementasi dalam praktik budi daya jagung dan pengelolaan habitat semi-alami untuk meningkatkan pengendalian hama secara biologis dan konservasi musuh alami. Namun, pengujian lebih lanjut tentang efek jarak habitat semi-alami dengan lahan jagung masih diperlukan.</p></sec><sec><title>KESIMPULAN</title><p>Komposisi lanskap pertanian memengaruhi kelimpahan dan tingkat serangan hama <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>, namun tidak memengaruhi kelimpahan parasitoid dan tingkat parasitisasinya pada pertanaman jagung. Peningkatan <italic>class area</italic> habitat semi-alami tidak memengaruhi kelimpahan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>, parasitoid dan tingkat parasitisasi, namun dapat menurunkan tingkat serangan. Bertambahnya luas area lahan pertanian (CA pertanian) dapat meningkatkan populasi larva <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>, namun tidak memiliki dampak terhadap tingkat serangan, kelimpahan parasitoid, dan tingkat parasitisasi. Peningkatan jumlah <italic>patch </italic>semi-alami dapat menurunkan serangan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>. Namun, tidak ada pengaruh signifikan dari jumlah <italic>patch</italic> semi-alami terhadap kelimpahan larva, kelimpahan parasitoid, dan tingkat parasitisasi. Peningkatan jumlah patch lahan pertanian dapat menurunkan kelimpahan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>. Pengaruh signifikan dari komposisi lanskap khususnya habitat semi-alami pada penelitian tahun 2020 dan 2022 memberikan bukti bahwa mempertahankan habitat semi-alami di lanskap pertanian penting untuk mengurangi serangan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> pada tanaman jagung. Umur tanaman jagung juga merupakan faktor penting yang memengaruhi kelimpahan <italic>S. frugiperda</italic>. Selain itu, elevasi juga merupakan faktor yang memengaruhi tingkat serangan larva <italic>S. frugiperda</italic> pada tahun 2022.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH</title><p>Kami mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Beasiswa Pendidikan Indonesia (BPI) Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia melalui Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP) dan Balai Pembiayaan Pendidikan Tinggi (BPPT) yang telah menyediakan dana untuk penelitian ini. 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